Summary

In November 2021 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) replaced its 2015 testosterone-based guidance with new rules. These say athletes should not be assumed to have an advantage because they are trans or have differences of sex development, and leave eligibility to each sport. In this joint statement, two sports medicine federations argue the new rules focus on human rights and sideline biology. They say male-level testosterone is the main reason men have more muscle and perform better, and most sports bodies lack the means to produce the evidence the IOC now wants. They warn of two bad outcomes: banning all such athletes, or self-identification with no real rules. They favour testosterone limits. It is expert opinion, not a review, with little direct evidence on trans athletes after lowering testosterone, and many authors are tied to sports bodies whose rules are at stake.

Key findings

• Bildiri, IOC'nin trans sporcular ve doğal testosteronu yüksek kadınlar için 2015 tarihli kılavuzunun yerini alan, 16 Kasım 2021'de yayımlanan kurallarına yanıt veriyor.
• Yazarlar, avantaj varsayılmaması kuralına itiraz ediyor. Erkek düzeyindeki testosteronun (kanda yaklaşık 9 ila 32 birim, nmol/L) kas ve spor performansındaki cinsiyet farklarının ana nedeni olduğunu savunuyorlar.
• Dünya Anti-Doping Ajansı'nın testosteronu performans artırıcı bir ilaç olarak yasakladığını belirtiyor ve sağladığı avantajın önemli olduğu sporlarda tanınması ve azaltılması gerektiğini savunuyorlar.
• Atletizm, bisiklet ve kürek gibi sporlarda trans kadınların kandaki testosteronu en az 12 ay boyunca 5 birimin (nmol/L) altında tutmasını gerektiren mevcut kuralları destekliyorlar. IOC'nin bu tür tedaviyi 'tıbbi olarak gereksiz' diye nitelendirmesine karşı çıkıyorlar.
• IOC'nin 'tutarlı, haksız, orantısız' bir avantajı kanıtlama yükünü her sporun yönetim organına yüklediğini, çoğunun buna gücü veya uzmanlığı olmadığını savunuyorlar.
• İki uç konusunda uyarıyorlar: tüm trans ya da DSD'li sporcuların yasaklanması (bunun Olimpiyat Şartı'na aykırı ve birçok ülkede yasa dışı olduğunu söylüyorlar) ya da hiçbir uygunluk kuralı olmamasına eşdeğer olan kendi beyanı.
• IOC'yi net, bilime dayalı standartlar koymaya ve testosteron, performans ve adalet üzerine araştırmaları finanse etmeye çağırıyorlar.

Abstract

The IOC recently published its framework on fairness, inclusion and non-discrimination based on gender identity and sex variations. This framework is drafted mainly from a human rights perspective, with less consideration for medical/scientific issues. The framework places the onus for gender eligibility and classification entirely on the International Federations (IFs), even though most will not have the capacity to implement the framework. The position of no presumption of advantage is contrary to the 2015 IOC consensus. Implementation of the 2021 framework will be a major challenge for IFs that have already recognised the inclusion of trans and women athletes with differences of sexual development (DSD) using a scientific/medical solution. The potential consequences for sports that need to prioritise fairness or safety could be one of two extremes (1) exclusion of all transgender or DSD athletes on the grounds of advantage or (2) self-identification that essentially equates to no eligibility rules. Exclusion of all transgender or DSD athletes is contrary to the Olympic charter and unlawful in many countries. While having no gender eligibility rules, sport loses its meaning and near-universal support. Athletes should not be under pressure to undergo medical procedures or treatment to meet eligibility criteria. However, if an athlete is fully informed and consents, then it is their free choice to undergo carefully considered or necessary interventions for gender classification for sport to compete fairly and safely in their chosen gender. Free choice is a fundamental human right, but so is the right to fair and safe competition.

Conclusion

The new IOC framework leaves all responsibilities to the IFs, whereas the authors believe the IOC should provide direction to the IFs. The IOC framework only deals with this important issue from a particular human rights perspective, yet this must be seen in a more rounded human rights perspective and is also a medical and scientific matter. The authors would like to see further discussion and consultation with all stakeholders leading to a balanced framework that protects the rights of all athletes and gives IFs the tools they need to ensure inclusion and fairness.