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Lembaga Kedokteran Olahraga Katakan Kerangka Trans dan DSD IOC 2021 Mengesampingkan Ilmu Testosteron

Pernyataan sikap bersama Federasi Kedokteran Olahraga Internasional (FIMS) dan Federasi Asosiasi Kedokteran Olahraga Eropa (EFSMA) tentang kerangka IOC mengenai keadilan, inklusi, dan non-diskriminasi berdasarkan identitas gender dan variasi seks

Komentar & analisisJenis kelamin, biologi & olahraga
Authors
Fabio Pigozzi, Xavier Bigard, Juergen Steinacker, Bernd Wolfarth, Victoriya Badtieva, Christian Schneider, Jeroen Swart, James Lee John Bilzon, et al.
Journal
BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
Year
2022
Source
www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1117938/ioc-transgender-framework-criticised

Summary

In November 2021 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) replaced its 2015 testosterone-based guidance with new rules. These say athletes should not be assumed to have an advantage because they are trans or have differences of sex development, and leave eligibility to each sport. In this joint statement, two sports medicine federations argue the new rules focus on human rights and sideline biology. They say male-level testosterone is the main reason men have more muscle and perform better, and most sports bodies lack the means to produce the evidence the IOC now wants. They warn of two bad outcomes: banning all such athletes, or self-identification with no real rules. They favour testosterone limits. It is expert opinion, not a review, with little direct evidence on trans athletes after lowering testosterone, and many authors are tied to sports bodies whose rules are at stake.

Key findings

  • Pernyataan ini menanggapi aturan IOC yang diterbitkan pada 16 November 2021, yang menggantikan panduan IOC 2015 tentang atlet trans dan perempuan dengan testosteron alami tinggi.
  • Para penulis keberatan dengan aturan bahwa tidak boleh ada anggapan keunggulan. Mereka berargumen bahwa testosteron pada kadar laki-laki (sekitar 9 hingga 32 satuan, nmol/L, dalam darah) adalah alasan utama perbedaan seks dalam otot dan kinerja olahraga.
  • Mereka mencatat bahwa Badan Anti-Doping Dunia melarang testosteron sebagai obat peningkat kinerja, dan berargumen bahwa keunggulan yang diberikannya harus diakui dan dikurangi dalam cabang olahraga yang penting.
  • Mereka mendukung aturan yang ada di cabang olahraga seperti atletik, balap sepeda, dan dayung yang mewajibkan wanita trans menjaga testosteron darah di bawah 5 satuan (nmol/L) selama setidaknya 12 bulan. Mereka membantah IOC yang menyebut perawatan semacam itu 'tidak perlu secara medis'.
  • Mereka berargumen bahwa IOC membebankan kepada badan pengatur setiap cabang olahraga kewajiban membuktikan keunggulan yang 'konsisten, tidak adil, dan tidak proporsional', padahal sebagian besar tidak memiliki sarana atau keahlian untuk itu.
  • Mereka memperingatkan dua titik ekstrem: melarang semua atlet trans atau DSD (yang menurut mereka bertentangan dengan Piagam Olimpiade dan ilegal di banyak negara), atau identifikasi diri yang sama saja dengan tidak adanya aturan kelayakan.
  • Mereka meminta IOC menetapkan standar yang jelas berdasarkan ilmu pengetahuan dan mendanai penelitian tentang testosteron, kinerja, dan keadilan.

Abstract

The IOC recently published its framework on fairness, inclusion and non-discrimination based on gender identity and sex variations. This framework is drafted mainly from a human rights perspective, with less consideration for medical/scientific issues. The framework places the onus for gender eligibility and classification entirely on the International Federations (IFs), even though most will not have the capacity to implement the framework. The position of no presumption of advantage is contrary to the 2015 IOC consensus. Implementation of the 2021 framework will be a major challenge for IFs that have already recognised the inclusion of trans and women athletes with differences of sexual development (DSD) using a scientific/medical solution. The potential consequences for sports that need to prioritise fairness or safety could be one of two extremes (1) exclusion of all transgender or DSD athletes on the grounds of advantage or (2) self-identification that essentially equates to no eligibility rules. Exclusion of all transgender or DSD athletes is contrary to the Olympic charter and unlawful in many countries. While having no gender eligibility rules, sport loses its meaning and near-universal support. Athletes should not be under pressure to undergo medical procedures or treatment to meet eligibility criteria. However, if an athlete is fully informed and consents, then it is their free choice to undergo carefully considered or necessary interventions for gender classification for sport to compete fairly and safely in their chosen gender. Free choice is a fundamental human right, but so is the right to fair and safe competition.

Conclusion

The new IOC framework leaves all responsibilities to the IFs, whereas the authors believe the IOC should provide direction to the IFs. The IOC framework only deals with this important issue from a particular human rights perspective, yet this must be seen in a more rounded human rights perspective and is also a medical and scientific matter. The authors would like to see further discussion and consultation with all stakeholders leading to a balanced framework that protects the rights of all athletes and gives IFs the tools they need to ensure inclusion and fairness.