Penelitian tentang berhenti transisi adalah bidang yang masih berkembang. Peningkatan pesat diagnosis disforia gender dalam dekade terakhir—terutama di kalangan gadis remaja—telah menghasilkan populasi orang yang berhenti transisi yang terus bertambah, meskipun pengumpulan data tetap menantang karena tingginya angka kehilangan tindak lanjut, perpecahan ideologi, dan keterbatasan metodologis.
Morbiditas Psikiatri di Kalangan Remaja dan Dewasa Muda yang Menghubungi Layanan Identitas Gender Khusus di Finlandia pada 1996–2019: Studi Registrasi(2026)
Ruuska et al.
mental healthcohort studytransition outcomesdiagnostic trends
Studi kohort nasional Finlandia dari 2.083 individu yang dirujuk gender di bawah usia 23 tahun (1996-2019) dibandingkan dengan 16.643 kontrol yang dipasangkan. Remaja yang dirujuk gender menunjukkan morbiditas psikiatri yang secara signifikan lebih tinggi daripada kontrol baik sebelum (45,7% vs. 15,0%) maupun ≥2 tahun setelah rujukan (61,7% vs. 14,6%). Mereka yang dirujuk setelah 2010 memiliki kebutuhan psikiatri yang lebih besar daripada kohort sebelumnya. Di antara remaja yang menjalani penugasan gender medis, morbiditas psikiatri meningkat secara signifikan selama tindak lanjut – meningkat dari 9,8% menjadi 60,7% dalam penugasan gender feminisasi dan dari 21,6% menjadi 54,5% dalam penugasan gender maskulinisasi. Setelah menyesuaikan untuk perawatan psikiatri sebelumnya, semua remaja yang dirujuk gender memiliki risiko morbiditas psikiatri yang ditingkatkan secara serupa, dengan rasio hazard kira-kira tiga kali lebih tinggi daripada kontrol perempuan dan lima kali lebih tinggi daripada kontrol laki-laki. Menyimpulkan bahwa morbiditas psikiatri yang parah umum terjadi pada remaja yang dirujuk gender, tampak lebih lazim pada mereka yang dirujuk setelah lonjakan rujukan baru-baru ini, dan kebutuhan psikiatri tidak mereda setelah penugasan gender medis.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.70533Key Findings
- Far higher psychiatric morbidity: Gender-referred adolescents were about three times more likely to have received specialist psychiatric treatment before referral compared to matched controls, and this gap widened after referral.
- Post-2010 surge linked to greater needs: Youth referred after 2010 showed roughly double the pre-referral psychiatric morbidity of the earlier cohort, suggesting increasingly complex cases.
- Psychiatric needs increased after medical transition: Among those who underwent medical gender reassignment, the proportion needing specialist psychiatric care rose sharply during follow-up—especially among those receiving feminising treatment (from ~10% to ~61%).
- Risk remains elevated even after accounting for prior mental health: After adjusting for pre-existing psychiatric treatment, all gender-referred groups still had a 3- to 5-fold higher risk of severe psychiatric morbidity than controls, regardless of whether they underwent medical transition.
- Clinical takeaway: The findings emphasize the need for thorough psychiatric evaluation and continuous mental health support before, during, and after any medical gender reassignment, as psychiatric needs often persist or worsen rather than resolve.
Apakah Kita Ingin Tahu?(2025)
D'Angelo, R. (The International Journal of Psychoanalysis)
detransitiontraumagender exploratory therapycountertransferencemedical ethics
Makalah ini berpendapat bahwa basis bukti yang lemah dan konsekuensi mendalam dari intervensi afirmasi gender untuk remaja memerlukan eksplorasi psikoanalitik yang sensitif. Ini mengkritik bagaimana tren sosio-politik membingkai eksplorasi mendalam tentang mengapa remaja mencari transisi medis sebagai 'terlarang' atau terapi konversi. Penulis mencatat bahwa klinisi yang digerakkan secara politik salah merepresentasikan mereka yang mengeksplorasi makna identifikasi trans, meminimalkan basis bukti yang lemah dan risiko serius sambil mengaburkan rasa sakit psikis di bawah disforia gender.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39327914/Key Findings
- Trauma can hide behind a fixed trans narrative. In the case of Elly, a history of maternal abuse and emotional neglect only emerged after 18 months of analytic work, revealing her gender dysphoria was deeply entangled with unprocessed psychic pain that brief clinic assessments would never have uncovered.
- The medical evidence base is shaky. Systematic reviews from the UK (Cass Review), Sweden, Finland and Germany consistently find that evidence for the benefits of puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones in youth is of very low quality, while serious physical harms—including cardiovascular risks and infertility—are well established.
- There is a "prohibition on knowing" at every level. Patients like Elly fiercely defend against exploration of their gendered experience, and this individual resistance is reinforced by a socio-political climate that frames any questioning of trans identity as transphobic or a form of conversion therapy.
- Advocacy within psychoanalysis is misrepresenting exploratory work. Prominent analysts who promote medical affirmation are, in D'Angelo's view, distorting the intent of clinicians who ask "why," erasing the suffering of detransitioners, and abandoning the analytic mandate to understand unconscious meaning.
- The profession may be over-correcting for its past. The analytic community's defensive rush to affirm medical transition may be driven by unconscious guilt over its history of pathologising homosexuality, coupled with clinicians avoiding the dread and helplessness that arise when sitting with a young person pursuing irreversible body modification.
Narasi Dewasa yang Terdaftar sebagai Perempuan saat Lahir yang Memulai Transisi Medis dan Kemudian Detransisi(2025)
Jane Lomax, Catherine Butler (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthdetransitionnarrative analysisgender dysphoriaqualitative researchautism
Sebuah studi kualitatif dari enam perempuan Inggris (usia 21-32 tahun) yang detransisi setelah intervensi medis. Empat tema naratif muncul: batas transisi medis dalam menyelesaikan disforia, kekhawatiran kesehatan jangka panjang tentang testosteron, tantangan sosial hidup sebagai pria, dan detransisi sebagai proses yang sedang berlangsung. Peserta melaporkan kebutuhan dukungan yang tidak terpenuhi dan menekankan pentingnya harapan realistis tentang hasil transisi.
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03083-9#ref-CR61Key Findings
- Medical transition had limits: Participants found that hormones and surgery did not fully resolve their gender dysphoria or underlying mental health struggles, with some experiencing intensified distress or 'reverse dysphoria' after physical changes.
- Long-term health concerns drove decisions: Anxiety about unknown long-term effects of testosterone on female bodies—such as cardiovascular risks, uterine atrophy, and infertility—contributed to detransition, with participants feeling inadequately informed beforehand.
- Social belonging shifted over time: Many discovered they felt more authentic connecting with women and lesbian communities rather than living as men, with some realizing narrow stereotypes of womanhood had influenced their initial decision to transition.
- Detransition is complex and ongoing: The process involved grief, guilt, and practical challenges like navigating a masculinized appearance, with most finding alternative ways to manage distress rather than through medical intervention.
- Support systems are largely inadequate: Participants reported unmet needs from healthcare providers and therapists, often turning to online detransition communities for information, practical guidance, and emotional support instead.
Disforia Gender dan Detransisi pada Dewasa: Analisis Sembilan Pasien dari Klinik Identitas Gender di Finlandia(2025)
Kaisa Kettula, Niina Puustinen, Lotta Tynkkynen, Liisa Lempinen, Katinka Tuisku (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthcohort studydetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoria
Studi Finlandia ini terhadap sembilan orang yang mengurungkan transisi (7 perempuan, 2 laki-laki) menemukan bahwa semua melaporkan bahwa transisi awal mereka tidak didorong oleh identitas transgender yang sebenarnya, tetapi oleh stresor psikologis yang belum terselesaikan termasuk trauma masa kecil, pelecehan seksual, gangguan makan, dan gejala kepribadian borderline. Ketujuh perempuan memiliki penyesalan 'besar' dengan waktu penyesalan rata-rata 7 tahun. Secara retrospektif, pasien mengidentifikasi bahwa kebutuhan untuk transisi berasal dari tantangan pematangan dan masalah keterikatan, bukan disforia gender. Studi ini menyoroti pentingnya penilaian psikologis yang menyeluruh sebelum intervensi medis.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40394447/Key Findings
- This study of nine Finnish adults who detransitioned found that most (seven of nine) experienced 'major regret' and sought to reverse their gender-affirming treatments, with an average of seven years passing before regret emerged.
- The detransitioners had very high rates of psychiatric conditions, including mood disorders (89%), anxiety disorders (78%), borderline personality disorder (56%), eating disorders or symptoms (78%), and childhood trauma or sexual abuse affecting nearly all patients.
- Patients retrospectively reported that their original desire to transition stemmed not from true transgender identity, but from factors like trauma, misogyny, dissociative disorders, difficult life circumstances, or confusion about sexuality.
- The clinic made several practice changes in response, including removing referral requirements for detransitioners, increasing psychiatric collaboration, offering psychotherapy, and emphasizing professional neutrality rather than affirmation.
- The authors stress that thorough psychological evaluation—especially for trauma, dissociation, and attachment issues—should precede irreversible interventions to reduce adverse outcomes.
Trajektori Perawatan di antara Anak-anak dan Remaja yang Dirujuk ke Pusat Nasional Norwegia untuk Ketidaksesuaian Gender(2025)
Cecilie Bjertness Nyquist, Leila Torgersen, Linda W. David, Trond Haaken Diseth, Kjersti Gulbrandsen, Anne Waehre (Acta Paediatrica)
cohort studytransition outcomesdetransitionpuberty suppression
Studi kohort Norwegia ini terhadap 1.258 remaja yang dirujuk ke Pusat Nasional Ketidaksesuaian Gender menemukan bahwa 22% dikeluarkan tanpa perawatan medis afirmasi gender. Dari mereka yang memulai testosteron, 18 perempuan detransisi (11 karena penghentian identitas transgender). Studi ini menyoroti tingkat kelanjutan yang tinggi dari penghambat pubertas ke hormon (97%), menimbulkan kekhawatiran tentang efek pipa, dan menekankan perlunya tindak lanjut jangka panjang mengingat berbagai trajektori perawatan termasuk detransisi.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39648282/Key Findings
- Among 1,258 children and adolescents referred to Norway's national gender clinic from 2000-2020, 62% started gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) and 11% received puberty blockers (GnRHa).
- Nearly all (97%) of those who received puberty blockers went on to hormone treatment, raising questions about whether blockers allow for meaningful exploration of gender identity.
- Eighteen individuals assigned female at birth (2.3% of those on GAHT) detransitioned after testosterone treatment, with most ceasing to identify as transgender entirely.
- Because of loss to follow-up and incomplete external treatment data, the authors acknowledge their detransition figure (2.3% of those who started GAHT) may be too low. They cite a Finnish nationwide register study finding a 7.9% discontinuation rate to support the concern that their number is probably an underestimate.
- About 22% of those who attended at least one appointment were discharged without any medical treatment, most commonly due to mental health concerns.
- The study highlights significant shifts in Norwegian clinical practice over time, with declining use of puberty blockers in recent years amid growing international scrutiny of evidence for these treatments.
Pemblokir Pubertas untuk Disforia Gender pada Remaja: Tinjauan Sistematis dan Meta-analisis(2025)
Anna Miroshnychenko, Yetiani Roldan, Sara Ibrahim, Chan Kulatunga-Moruzi, Steven Montante, Rachel Couban, Gordon Guyatt, Romina Brignardello-Petersen (Archives of Disease in Childhood)
mental healthcohort studypuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoria
Tinjauan sistematis dan meta-analisis ini dari Archives of Disease in Childhood meneliti 10 studi tentang pemblokir pubertas untuk remaja dengan disforia gender. Penulis menemukan "ketidakpastian yang besar mengenai efek pemblokir pubertas" dengan bukti "kepastian yang sangat rendah" untuk hasil termasuk fungsi global, depresi, dan kepadatan mineral tulang. Studi observasional komparatif memberikan bukti dengan kepastian yang sangat rendah, dan studi sebelum-sesudah juga menunjukkan kepastian yang sangat rendah. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa "studi prospektif yang metodologis ketat diperlukan" sebelum intervensi ini dapat direkomendasikan dengan percaya diri.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39855724/Key Findings
- The evidence for puberty blockers' effects on youth with gender dysphoria is mostly 'very low certainty' across all measured outcomes, meaning we cannot reliably conclude whether they help or harm.
- Only 10 studies met inclusion criteria, with no randomized controlled trials found; most studies had serious methodological flaws like missing data and lack of proper comparison groups.
- Potential mental health benefits (improved global function, reduced depression and gender dysphoria) were suggested but remain highly uncertain due to weak study designs. Another study (Olson-Kennedy et al., 2025) shows that depression got worse.
- Bone mineral density at the hip, spine, and femoral neck appeared lower after puberty blocker use, though this finding also carries very low certainty.
- The authors call for methodologically rigorous prospective studies and possibly randomized controlled trials to better understand both short-term and long-term effects of this intervention.
Terapi hormon afirmasi gender untuk individu dengan disforia gender berusia <26 tahun: tinjauan sistematis dan meta-analisis(2025)
Anna Miroshnychenko, Sara Ibrahim, Yetiani Roldan, Chan Kulatunga-Moruzi, Steven Montante, Rachel Couban, Gordon Guyatt, Romina Brignardello-Petersen (Archives of Disease in Childhood)
mental healthcohort studypuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewmeta-analysis
Tinjauan sistematis komprehensif dan meta-analisis ini mengevaluasi 24 studi tentang terapi hormon afirmasi gender (GAHT) untuk individu di bawah 26 tahun. Tinjauan ini menemukan bukti yang sebagian besar "sangat rendah kepastiannya" mengenai disforia gender, fungsi global, dan depresi. Meskipun satu studi menyarankan peluang depresi yang lebih rendah (OR 0,73), ini dinilai sebagai bukti dengan kepastian rendah. Para penulis menyimpulkan: "Ada ketidakpastian yang cukup besar tentang efek GAHT dan kami tidak dapat mengesampingkan kemungkinan manfaat atau bahaya. Studi prospektif yang metodologis ketat diperlukan untuk menghasilkan bukti dengan kepastian yang lebih tinggi."
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39855725/Key Findings
- The evidence for most effects of gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in young people under 26 is very low certainty, meaning we cannot confidently determine benefits or harms.
- Only one study found low certainty evidence that depression may be lower in those who received GAHT compared to those who did not.
- Cardiovascular events were the only outcomes with higher certainty evidence: about 4% of natal females experienced cardiovascular events 7-109 months after GAHT (high certainty), and about 0.2% at 26 months (moderate certainty).
- All 24 included studies had serious methodological limitations, including failure to adjust for important confounders like mental health conditions, missing data, and participants receiving other treatments.
- The authors conclude that better designed prospective studies are urgently needed to understand the true effects of GAHT on gender dysphoria, mental health, bone density, and other outcomes.
Why There Are Exactly Two Sexes(2025)
Colin M. Wright (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
This commentary argues that in anisogamous organisms, the sexes—male and female—are functional classes defined by the type of gamete an individual has the biological function to produce. The paper defends the binary nature of sex against claims that sex exists on a spectrum, examining biological, philosophical, and social dimensions of sex classification.
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03348-3Key Findings
- Sex is defined by gamete type
- There are exactly two sexes in anisogamous organisms
- Intersex conditions do not create additional sexes
- The sex binary is universal across taxa
Tinjauan Bukti Departemen Kesehatan Utah tentang Intervensi Hormonal untuk Anak di Bawah Umur dengan Disforia Gender(2025)
Utah Department of Health and Human Services (Utah Department of Health and Human Services)
Analisis SEGM menemukan bahwa tinjauan bukti negara bagian Utah memiliki kekurangan metodologis yang signifikan dan tidak dapat mendukung kebijakan keputusan berbasis bukti tentang kedokteran gender pemuda.
segm.org/utah-evidence-review-analysisKey Findings
- 1,051-page review did not meet basic systematic review criteria
- Omitted mandated analysis of puberty interruption effects
- Excluded infertility from outcomes
- Could not serve as reliable basis for evidence-based decision-making
- Methodological flaws identified by SEGM analysis
Epidemiologi disforia gender dan ketidaksesuaian gender pada anak-anak dan remaja yang mengunjungi praktik perawatan primer di Inggris: studi kohort retrospektif(2025)
Jarvis et al.
mental healthcohort studydiagnostic trends
Studi skala besar terhadap catatan perawatan primer Inggris menemukan peningkatan 50 kali lipat (5000%) dalam disforia gender/ketidaksesuaian yang tercatat di antara anak-anak dan remaja berusia 0-18 antara 2011 dan 2021. Prevalensi meningkat dari 0,16 menjadi 8,3 per 10.000 orang, dengan peningkatan paling menonjol pada perempuan yang terdaftar saat lahir setelah 2014. Studi ini juga menemukan tingginya tingkat kondisi kesehatan mental yang terjadi bersamaan - 52,7% memiliki catatan kecemasan, depresi, atau melukai diri sendiri. Intervensi medis relatif tidak umum, dengan 4,7% diresepkan penghambat pubertas dan 8,0% diresepkan hormon lintas jenis kelamin. Para penulis mencatat kebutuhan mendesak akan dukungan kesehatan mental yang lebih baik untuk populasi ini.
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12320607/Key Findings
- A 50-fold increase in recorded diagnoses
- Between 2011 and 2021, the recorded prevalence of gender dysphoria/incongruence in English primary care rose from roughly 1 in 60,000 to about 1 in 1,200 among 17–18 year olds.
- The rise is driven mainly by recorded females
- After 2014, incidence increased far more rapidly in females than males; by 2021, prevalence was approximately twice as high in females, reversing historical patterns.
- Mental health co-conditions are very common
- Over half (52.7%) of affected children and young people had a record of anxiety, depression, or self-harm—substantially higher than matched youth with autism or eating disorders, especially for depression and self-harm.
- Medical hormone treatment remains rare in primary care records
- Only 4.7% received puberty-suppressing hormones and 8.0% received masculinising/feminising hormones, likely reflecting long specialist waiting times and under-recording of treatments initiated elsewhere.
- Strongly age-linked, but not deprivation-linked
- Cases were rarely recorded before age 11 and peaked at ages 17–18; there was no consistent association between prevalence and neighbourhood deprivation levels.
Apa Tujuan Perawatan 'Menegaskan Gender' PEDIATRIK?(2024)
Gorin, M.
mental healthpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewautonomygender-affirming care
Diterbitkan dalam Hastings Center Report, analisis bioetika ini mengkritik pergeseran dari pembenaran berbasis bukti untuk perawatan afirmasi gender pediatrik ke argumen "berbasis otonomi" yang mengacu pada "tujuan perwujudan". Penulis berpendapat bahwa tinjauan sistematis terbaru telah menyimpulkan bahwa bukti ilmiah tidak pasti, menyebabkan beberapa orang meninggalkan peningkatan kesehatan sebagai tujuan dan sebagai gantinya membenarkan intervensi melalui otonomi pasien. Gorin menyimpulkan bahwa argumen berbasis otonomi ini salah memahami tempat otonomi dalam pengambilan keputusan klinis dan akibatnya menempatkan pasien pada risiko bahaya medis.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38842886/Key Findings
- Current U.S. clinical guidelines endorse puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, and surgery for youth gender dysphoria, but international bodies in England, Sweden, and Finland have pulled back after systematic reviews found weak evidence of medical benefits.
- The Dutch protocol—the original research basis for pediatric medical transition—had significant methodological flaws, including no control group, confounded measurement of gender dysphoria, and a population very different from today's patients.
- Some bioethicists argue youth should have a right to transition-related interventions based on 'embodiment goals' and autonomy alone, without requiring evidence of mental health benefits or even a diagnosis.
- The author argues this autonomy-based view contradicts medicine's core principle of nonmaleficence: patient desire for body modification is not sufficient justification for risky medical interventions without evidence of health benefits.
- International discrepancies in treatment guidelines stem partly from different standards of evidence assessment (systematic reviews vs. narrative reviews) and partly from deeper value disagreements about whether medicine's aim is health improvement or fulfilling patient identity goals.
Prevalensi detransition pada individu yang mencari pengobatan hormonal afirmasi gender: tinjauan sistematis(2024)
Feigerlova, E. (Journal of Sexual Medicine)
Tinjauan sistematis ini menemukan bahwa tingkat detransition berkisar dari sekitar 1-10% tergantung pada ukuran yang digunakan, tetapi keterbatasan metodologis membuat estimasi yang akurat sulit dilakukan. Tinjauan ini menekankan perlunya studi tindak lanjut jangka panjang yang lebih baik.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39724926Key Findings
- Detransition rates ranged from 0.8-7.4% for treatment request shifts
- GnRHa discontinuation rates ranged from 1-7.6%
- GAHT discontinuation rates ranged from 1.6-9.8%
- 15 observational studies included with 7,074 participants
- Significant methodological heterogeneity across studies
- Long-term follow-up data is lacking
Mastektomi untuk Individu dengan Disforia Gender di Bawah 26 T Tinjauan Sistematis dan Meta-Analisis(2024)
Miroshnychenko, A., Roldán, Y., Ibrahim, S., Kulatunga-Moruzi, C., Dahlin, K., Montante, S., et al. (Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery)
Tinjauan yang didanai SEGM ini menemukan bahwa bukti mastektomi pada remaja dengan disforia gender lemah, dengan bukti keyakinan tinggi hanya untuk komplikasi fisik. Bukti hasil psikologis berada dalam kualitas yang sangat rendah.
doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000011734Key Findings
- 39 studies included in the review
- Evidence ranged from high to very low certainty
- High-certainty evidence only for physical complications (death, necrosis, scarring)
- Psychological outcomes lack high-quality evidence
- Case series provided most of the high-certainty evidence
- Prospective cohort studies needed
Tinjauan Cass(2024)
Hilary Cass (The Cass Review)
mental healthtransition outcomespuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaautismsystematic review
Tinjauan sistematis independen yang ditugaskan oleh NHS Inggris, mengevaluasi lebih dari 100 studi tentang layanan identitas gender untuk remaja di bawah 18 tahun. Ini mewakili kritik tingkat tinggi terhadap model perawatan afirmatif, menekankan kelemahan metodologis dalam penelitian yang ada. Disimpulkan bahwa bukti untuk pemblokir pubertas dan hormon lintas-seks 'sangat lemah' atau berkualitas rendah, kurang uji acak, dengan risiko seperti kehilangan kepadatan tulang dan manfaat kesehatan mental yang tidak pasti.
https://segm.org/Final-Cass-Report-2024-NHS-Response-SummaryKey Findings
- The review emphasizes evidence-based, holistic care for gender-questioning youth rather than a social justice model, calling for individualized assessments that screen for co-occurring conditions like autism and mental health issues.
- The evidence base for medical interventions—particularly puberty blockers and hormones—was found to be weak, prompting recommendations for a full research program and extreme caution, especially for hormones starting at age 16.
- A nominated medical practitioner should take overall clinical responsibility for patient safety, and every case for medical treatment must be reviewed by a national multidisciplinary team.
- Social transition decisions for pre-pubertal children should involve early consultation with experienced clinical professionals, reflecting a more cautious approach than previously standard.
- All children being considered for medical pathways must be offered fertility counseling and preservation before starting treatment.
Risiko Bunuh Diri dan Melukai Diri Setelah Operasi Afirmasi Gender(2024)
John J. Straub, Krishna K. Paul, Lauren G. Bothwell, Sterling J. Deshazo, Georgiy Golovko, Michael S. Miller, Dietrich V. Jehle (Cureus)
mental healthcohort studydiagnostic trendstraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriasurgeries
Sebuah studi retrospektif menggunakan basis data TriNetX (56 organisasi layanan kesehatan di AS, lebih dari 90 juta pasien) meneliti risiko bunuh diri dan melukai diri sendiri setelah operasi afirmasi gender. Studi ini membandingkan 1.501 orang dewasa yang menjalani operasi afirmasi gender dan kunjungan darurat dengan kelompok kontrol. Temuan utama: individu yang menjalani operasi afirmasi gender memiliki risiko percobaan bunuh diri 12,12 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan mereka yang tidak menjalani operasi (3,47% vs 0,29%); dibandingkan dengan kontrol ligasi tuba/vasektomi, risikonya 5,03 kali lebih tinggi sebelum pencocokan propensity dan 4,71 kali setelah pencocokan (3,50% vs 0,74%); hasil konsisten saat menggunakan kontrol faringitis. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa pasien yang telah menjalani operasi afirmasi gender menunjukkan risiko bunuh diri yang jauh lebih tinggi, menekankan perlunya dukungan psikiatri komprehensif卸 pasca prosedur.
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11063965/Key Findings
- Patients who underwent gender-affirming surgery had a 12.12 times higher risk of suicide attempts compared to general emergency department patients, and a 4.71 times higher risk compared to patients who had tubal ligation or vasectomy procedures.
- The study found significantly elevated risks across all measured outcomes: suicide attempts, death, self-harm, and PTSD—persisting even after propensity matching for age, race, ethnicity, and sex.
- PTSD risk was notably elevated, with a 7.76-fold increase compared to general emergency patients and 3.23-fold increase after matching with surgical controls, suggesting pre-operative trauma and post-operative challenges both play important roles.
- The large-scale retrospective study used real-world data from over 90 million patients across 56 U.S. healthcare organizations over a 20-year period, making it one of the largest studies of its kind.
- The authors emphasize that their findings show association rather than causation, and conclude that comprehensive psychiatric support and mental health care are essential in the years following gender-affirming surgery.
Prevalensi Detransisi pada Orang yang Mencari Perawatan Hormonal Afirmasi Gender: Tinjauan Sistematis(2024)
Eva Feigerlova (Journal of Sexual Medicine)
cohort studydetransitionpuberty suppressiongender exploratory therapymedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic review
Tinjauan sistematis ini dalam Journal of Sexual Medicine meneliti penelitian yang ada tentang tingkat detransisi di antara individu yang meminta atau memulai perawatan hormonal afirmasi gender. Tinjauan menemukan celah signifikan dalam literatur dan mengidentifikasi sumber potensial bias dalam berbagai kumpulan data. Penulis mencatat bahwa meskipun bukti terbaru menunjukkan manfaat prosedur afirmasi gender, permintaan yang muncul untuk detransisi dan laporan penyesalan menunjukkan celah pengetahuan yang kritis. Tinjauan ini menyoroti perlunya studi tindak lanjut jangka panjang yang lebih baik untuk memahami prevalensi sebenarnya dari detransisi dan penyebab yang mendasarinya.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39724926/Key Findings
- Detransition rates are relatively low: shifts in treatment requests before any medication ranged from 0.8-7.4%, puberty blocker (GnRHa) discontinuation from 1-7.6%, and hormone therapy (GAHT) discontinuation from 1.6-9.8%.
- The 15 included studies were highly heterogeneous and generally low quality—most were retrospective, had insufficient follow-up times, used inconsistent definitions of detransition, and failed to account for confounding factors like social or financial pressures.
- Reasons for stopping treatment varied widely and were not limited to identity changes; they included side effects, financial barriers, social issues, treatment goals being met, and poor compliance, making it difficult to isolate true identity-based detransition.
- There is no standardized definition of detransition across studies, with some counting anyone who stopped identifying as transgender regardless of medical steps taken, while others required actual hormone discontinuation with intent to revert to birth-assigned gender.
- The authors conclude that detransition remains insufficiently studied and call for well-designed long-term prospective research with consistent measurement tools, adequate follow-up, and control for confounding variables to better inform healthcare providers and policymakers.
Dampak Penghambat Pubertas dan Penuaan terhadap Keadaan dan Fungsi Sel Testis(2024)
Murugesh et al
puberty supressioninfertility
Analisis anak laki-laki yang menggunakan penghambat pubertas, menunjukkan kerusakan persisten pada sel punca spermatogonial, menunjukkan infertilitas yang tidak dapat pulih bahkan setelah penghentian.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38585884/Key Findings
- Widespread use, limited data — 100% of gender dysphoria patients in this pediatric biorepository were on puberty blockers, yet long-term effects on testicular development remain poorly understood.
- Physical atrophy observed — Histology revealed mild-to-severe seminiferous tubule atrophy in PB-treated children, with some patients showing fully atrophied glands and microlithiasis.
- Developmental block at stem cell stage — Single-cell analysis showed >90% of germ cells in PB-treated juveniles were arrested at the spermatogonial stage, failing to progress toward meiosis.
- Machine learning flags "prepubertal" profile — Models trained on normal developmental data classified PB-treated patients as prepubertal across all cell types, suggesting incomplete or absent maturation of the testicular niche.
- Reversibility questioned — The combination of gland atrophy, abnormal cell proportions, and persistently immature gene expression signatures raises concerns about whether complete reproductive recovery is guaranteed after discontinuing puberty blockers.
Melampaui NICE: Tinjauan Sistematis yang Diperbarui tentang Bukti Saat Ini Penggunaan Agen Farmakologis Penghambat Pubertas dan Hormon Lintas-Jenis pada Anak di Bawah Umur dengan Disforia Gender(2024)
Zepf, B.D. et al. (Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie)
Tinjauan ini menemukan bahwa dasar bukti untuk penghambat pubertas dan hormon lintas-jenis pada anak di bawah umur tetap sangat lemah, tanpa studi berkualitas tinggi baru sejak tinjauan NICE.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38410090Key Findings
- Zero new puberty blocker studies met PICO criteria post-NICE
- Only 2 low-quality cross-sex hormone studies found
- Current evidence does not suggest GD symptoms improve with PB/CSH
- Evidence base remains methodologically weak
- Insufficient for reliable conclusions about benefits or long-term outcomes
Studi Kohor Retrospektif Penghentian Hormon Afirmasi Gender pada Remaja Transgender(2024)
Boskey, J. et al. (Journal of Adolescent Health)
Studi ini menemukan tingkat penghentian GAH yang sangat rendah di kalangan remaja transgender, dengan sebagian besar melanjutkan pengobatan. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa penghentian jarang terjadi dan biasanya didorong oleh perubahan hidup spesifik bukan penyesalan.
jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(24)00554-8/abstractKey Findings
- 93% of adolescents continued GAH
- Only 0.5% reidentified with birth sex
- 1,050 patients at Boston Children's Hospital
- Discontinuation associated with identity change, pregnancy desire, side effects
- Low discontinuation rate suggests treatment satisfaction
Dampak transisi sosial dalam kaitannya dengan gender untuk anak-anak dan remaja: tinjauan sistematis(2024)
Multiple authors (Archives of Disease in Childhood)
Tinjauan ini menemukan bahwa bukti mengenai hasil transisi sosial sangat terbatas, tanpa studi prospektif. Beberapa bukti menunjukkan bahwa transisi sosial dapat meningkatkan keberlanjutan disforia gender pada anak-anak.
adc.bmj.com/content/109/Suppl_2/s12Key Findings
- 11 low-quality studies included
- No prospective longitudinal studies exist
- No mental health differences found for socially transitioned children
- Mixed evidence for adolescents
- One study found higher GD persistence for socially transitioned children
- Social transition becoming more common prior to assessment
Gender Identity Disorders Among Young People in Germany: Prevalence and Trends, 2013–2022(2024)
Christian J. Bachmann, Yfke Golub, Jörg Holstiege, Falk Hoffmann (Deutsches Ärzteblatt International)
This analysis of nationwide routine insurance data from Germany examined the prevalence of gender identity disorders (ICD-10 codes F64 and F66) among insured persons aged 5–24 years from 2013 to 2022. The study found that prevalence of confirmed F64 diagnoses increased from 22.5/100,000 to 175.7/100,000 (M1Q) and from 15.2/100,000 to 132.6/100,000 (M2Q) over the study period, with the highest prevalence among female adolescents aged 15–19 years.
di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/239563Key Findings
- Prevalence increased from 22.5 to 175.7 per 100,000
- Female adolescents aged 15-19 had highest prevalence
- F64 diagnoses increased 8-fold over the study period
Disforia gender pada anak muda meningkat—dan begitu pula perbedaan pendapat profesional(2023)
Jennifer Block (The BMJ)
diagnostic trendsdetransitionpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewgender-affirming care
Laporan investigasi ini menyoroti perdebatan internasional yang semakin meningkat tentang transisi medis untuk anak di bawah umur. Sementara badan medis AS mendukung 'perawatan afirmasi gender', beberapa negara Eropa (Swedia, Finlandia, Inggris) mendesak kehati-hatian karena bukti yang berkualitas rendah. Artikel ini mempertanyakan klaim konsensus medis, menunjuk pada tinjauan sistematis yang menemukan bahwa bukti untuk perawatan hormonal pada remaja adalah 'rendah' atau 'sangat rendah' kualitasnya dan mencatat kurangnya data hasil jangka panjang.
https://www.bmj.com/content/380/bmj.p382Key Findings
- Rising numbers of young people with gender dysphoria are seeking medical treatment, yet professional opinions are deeply divided—US medical groups broadly support 'gender-affirming care' while several European countries are restricting medical interventions for minors due to insufficient evidence.
- Major US medical organizations describe gender-affirming treatments as 'evidence-based,' but independent experts found serious methodological flaws in their guidelines, including weak evidence paired with strong recommendations and failure to conduct proper systematic reviews of treatment outcomes.
- Systematic reviews by Sweden, Finland, the UK's NICE, and Florida's health agency all concluded that evidence for puberty blockers, hormones, and surgeries in minors is inconclusive, insufficient, or of very low quality—directly contradicting claims of scientific certainty.
- The number of young people discontinuing hormone treatment may be as high as 20-30% within a few years, and 'detransitioners' are increasingly speaking out about harms from early medical interventions that they say were not truly informed consent.
- Clinical practice has shifted rapidly toward faster medicalization, with some teens receiving hormones within 12 months of their first clinic visit and mental health evaluations being de-emphasized, raising concerns about inadequate assessment of whether gender dysphoria will persist.
Detransisi Membutuhkan Pemahaman Lebih Lanjut, Bukan Kontroversi(2023)
Kinnon Ross MacKinnon, Pablo Expósito-Campos, W Ariel Gould (BMJ)
mental healthdetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchgender-affirming care
Makalah ini berargumen bahwa detransisi telah diabaikan oleh peneliti dan klinisi, yang mengakibatkan kebutuhan kesehatan yang tidak terpenuhi. Para penulis menyerukan penelitian yang kuat dan tidak dipolitisasi untuk memahami berbagai pengalaman mereka yang melakukan detransisi, mencatat bahwa studi saat ini dibatasi oleh waktu tindak lanjut yang singkat dan bias seleksi. Mereka menekankan bahwa meningkatkan perawatan untuk orang yang melakukan detransisi adalah bagian yang diperlukan dari perawatan gender yang komprehensif dan pada akhirnya akan menguntungkan semua orang trans dengan memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang hasil jangka panjang.
www.bmj.com/content/381/bmj-2022-073584Key Findings
- Detransition is poorly understood due to limited research and stigma, leaving people with unmet healthcare needs and no clinical guidelines for care.
- People who detransition are diverse: many are female, transitioned young, and may re-identify with their birth sex, sexual orientation, or continue identifying as trans.
- Common reasons for detransition include persistent or returning gender dysphoria, health concerns, social discrimination, identity exploration, or unresolved dysphoria despite treatment.
- Research on detransition needs major improvements: longer follow-up periods (5-10 years), using patients' preferred language, and including those lost to follow-up to avoid biased conclusions.
- Trans and detrans people share more similarities than differences; studying detransition benefits all gender-diverse individuals and strengthens comprehensive gender care for everyone.
Detransisi dan Penghentian Diri di Kalangan Dewasa Muda yang Sebelumnya Mengidentifikasi Diri sebagai Trans(2023)
Sasha Ayad, Lisa Marchiano, Kenneth J. Zucker (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthtransition outcomesdetransitiontraumagender dysphoriaqualitative researchrapid-onset gender dysphoria
Sebuah studi survei terhadap 78 dewasa muda AS (usia 18-33) yang sebelumnya mengidentifikasi diri sebagai transgender dan berhenti mengidentifikasi sebagai transgender minimal enam bulan sebelumnya. Studi ini menemukan bahwa sebagian besar peserta (83%) telah melakukan langkah transisi sosial dan 68% telah melakukan langkah transisi medis. Temuan utama meliputi: kurang dari 17% yang memenuhi kriteria DSM-5 untuk disforia gender masa kanak-kanak, sementara 53% percaya bahwa disforia gender onset-cepat berlaku bagi mereka; 91% adalah perempuan lahir; peserta melaporkan tingkat tinggi diagnosis psikiatrik sebelum identifikasi sebagai trans; kesehatan psikologis meningkat drastis setelah detransisi dengan penurunan perilaku menyakiti diri sendiri dan disforia gender; alasan paling umum untuk identifikasi awal sebagai trans adalah kebingungan antara masalah kesehatan mental atau reaksi trauma dengan disforia gender; alasan detransisi mencerminkan perubahan internal daripada tekanan eksternal. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa detransisi adalah mungkin dan bermanfaat bagi beberapa individu.
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10794437/Key Findings
- The vast majority of participants (91%) were natal females, and most reported that their psychological health improved dramatically after detransition, with large decreases in self-harm and gender dysphoria and increases in well-being.
- Fewer than 17% of participants met diagnostic criteria for childhood gender dysphoria, while 53% believed 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria' applied to them—suggesting many developed gender dysphoria suddenly during or after puberty without prior history.
- Participants had very high rates of psychiatric diagnoses (95% had at least one lifetime diagnosis) and self-harm (79%), with most mental health issues predating their transgender identification.
- The most common reason for initial trans-identification was confusing mental health issues or trauma reactions for gender dysphoria; reasons for detransition were primarily internal (own thought processes, realizing causes were more complicated) rather than external pressures like family or discrimination.
- Most participants (68%) had taken medical transition steps including hormones, and 28% had undergone surgery, yet the majority felt inadequately informed about risks and alternatives during the informed consent process.
Tingkat Detransisi Tidak Diketahui(2023)
J. Cohn (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
detransitionpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewsurgeriesgender-affirming care
Makalah ini berpendapat bahwa tingkat detransisi, penghentian, dan penyesalan yang sebenarnya tidak diketahui karena kekurangan signifikan dalam penelitian yang ada. Ini mengkritik studi yang banyak dikutip karena masalah seperti periode tindak lanjut yang singkat (karena penyesalan dapat memakan waktu bertahun-tahun untuk muncul), tingkat kehilangan tindak lanjut yang tinggi, dan penggunaan sampel yang tidak mencerminkan lonjakan kasus remaja baru-baru ini. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa klaim tingkat penyesalan yang sangat rendah tidak dapat diandalkan dan ketidakpastian ini sangat penting untuk persetujuan yang diinformasikan.
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-023-02623-5Key Findings
- The true rates of detransition, regret, and discontinuation of gender-affirming medical interventions are unknown, despite frequent claims that they are very low (0.3-0.6%).
- Existing studies on regret and detransition suffer from serious methodological flaws: too-short follow-up periods, high loss to follow-up, inadequate measurement instruments, and samples that don't represent today's patient population.
- Observed times to regret or detransition are often long—averaging 3-10+ years—meaning studies with short follow-up periods systematically underestimate true rates.
- The current evidence base for medical interventions for gender dysphoria is of 'low' to 'very low' quality, with no randomized controlled trials comparable to those standard in other fields like depression treatment.
- Young people and families considering medical intervention should be informed that reliable data on risks like regret and detransition are unavailable, as this uncertainty is essential for truly informed consent.
Kesedihan Menyusui Setelah Mastektomi Maskulinisasi Dada dan Detransisi(2023)
Karleen D. Gribble, Susan Bewley, Hannah G. Dahlen (Frontiers in Global Women's Health)
detransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchsurgeriescase report
Studi kasus ini merinci pengalaman seorang wanita yang mengalami detransisi yang, setelah menjalani mastektomi maskulinisasi dada, hamil dan mengalami kesedihan mendalam serta tekanan psikologis karena ketidakmampuannya untuk menyusui. Laporan ini menyoroti kurangnya persetujuan yang diinformasikan mengenai hilangnya fungsi menyusui, pemahaman yang buruk dari penyedia layanan kesehatan, dan beban emosional pada ibu.
www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgwh.2023.1073053/fullKey Findings
- Breastfeeding is rarely discussed in counseling or consent guidelines for chest masculinization mastectomy, despite the procedure often permanently destroying the ability to produce and deliver milk.
- A detransitioned woman experienced intense grief over her inability to breastfeed, compounded by maternity providers who dismissed her distress or misgendered her due to inadequate training on detransition.
- The most common chest masculinization surgical technique—free nipple grafting—almost certainly precludes breastfeeding, yet existing literature falsely claims outcomes cannot be predicted.
- Research on detransition rates and long-term outcomes of chest masculinization surgery is poor quality, with short follow-up periods and high loss to follow-up that may underestimate regret.
- Health providers need individualized, sex-based care for detransitioned women, including emotional support for breastfeeding grief, donor milk access, and avoidance of assumptions about gender identity.
Kerusakan Iatrogenik dalam Kedokteran Gender(2023)
Sarah C. J. Jorgensen (Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy)
mental healthdetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careiatrogenic harm
Komentar ini berpendapat bahwa 'model afirmasi gender' menyebabkan kerusakan iatrogenik, seperti yang dibuktikan oleh meningkatnya jumlah anak muda yang kembali dari transisi mereka. Penulis mengkritik model tersebut karena penilaian psikologis yang tidak memadai, meremehkan risiko medis, dan mengandalkan bukti yang lemah. Ini menyerukan pengakuan terhadap mereka yang kembali sebagai penyintas kerusakan medis dan mendesak debat terbuka dan penelitian tentang efek jangka panjang transisi remaja, mencatat bahwa banyak negara Eropa sekarang mengadopsi pendekatan yang lebih hati-hati.
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0092623X.2023.2224320Key Findings
- Growing numbers of young people are detransitioning and experiencing regret over permanent physical changes, suggesting problems with the current gender-affirming care model.
- Recent studies indicate 10-30% of youth who undergo medical transition discontinue treatment within 1-4 years, yet long-term data is virtually nonexistent.
- Mental health issues, trauma, and neurodiversity are often inadequately explored before transition, with 'minority stress' frequently used to explain away complex psychological conditions.
- Major medical guidelines largely ignore detransitioners, leaving them without clinical guidance, support, or proper care for lasting hormonal and surgical effects.
- Several countries are shifting away from medical transition as first-line treatment for youth after systematic reviews found weak evidence supporting these interventions.
Perubahan dalam Permintaan Medis Terkait Gender oleh Remaja Transgender dan Beragam Gender(2023)
Ariel Cohen, Veronica Gomez-Lobo, Laura Willing, David Call, Lauren F. Damle, Lawrence J. D'Angelo, Amber Song, John F. Strang,
transition outcomespuberty suppressiongender dysphoriaqualitative researchautismgender-affirming caremixed-methods
Studi terhadap 68 remaja di klinik gender (47% autis) ini menemukan bahwa hampir sepertiga (29%) mengubah permintaan mereka untuk transisi medis. Pergeseran lebih umum terjadi di kalangan pemuda nonbiner dan dianggap sebagai bagian 'tidak jarang' dari proses diskriminasi gender. Pola yang paling sering terjadi adalah menarik permintaan dan kemudian melanjutkannya kembali.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1054139X22007194Key Findings
- Nearly one-third (29%) of gender-diverse youth in the study shifted their requests for gender-affirming hormones or surgery over time, suggesting such changes are not uncommon during adolescent gender exploration.
- Nonbinary youth were significantly more likely to experience shifts in medical requests compared to binary transgender youth, though no differences were found by age, autism status, or sex assigned at birth.
- The most common pattern (45% of those with shifts) involved youth making a request, withdrawing it, and later re-requesting treatment—indicating that stepping back from medical requests is often temporary rather than final.
- Most shifts (85%) occurred before any treatment began, and only one participant in the entire study expressed regret after starting treatment, consistent with prior research that regret is rare.
- Key reasons for shifts fell into two main themes: ongoing gender discovery (wanting more time, exploring identity) and interpersonal influences (lack of support, coming-out worries, peer pressure), with mental health clinicians playing a valuable role in supporting youth through this non-linear process.
Analisis retrospektif tentang lintasan gender kaum muda yang telah menghentikan transisi(2023)
Pullen Sansfaçon, A., Gravel, E., Gelly, M., Planchat, T., Paradis, A., Medico, D. (International Journal of Transgender Health)
Studi kualitatif ini mengungkapkan bahwa detransition bukan sekadar pembalikan sederhana, melainkan proses yang kompleks dan non-linier di mana kaum muda menavigasi berbagai faktor termasuk orientasi seksual dan ketidaknyamanan tubuh.
tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/26895269.2023.2279272Key Findings
- Three main themes identified: nonlinear gender modalities, sexual modalities, coping with dysphoria
- Detransition trajectories are heterogeneous and complex
- Sexual orientation plays a role in gender decisions
- Body discomfort persists for many after detransition
- Social support is important during detransition
Tinjauan Keuntungan Olahraga(2022)
Pigozzi et al (BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine)
medical ethicsgender identitysports medicinetestosteronefairnessinclusiontransgender athletesdifferences of sexual development
Tinjauan studi yang menunjukkan wanita transgender mempertahankan keuntungan 9-31% dalam massa otot, kekuatan, dan hemoglobin pasca terapi hormon, karena efek pubertas pria yang tidak dapat diubah.
www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1117938/ioc-transgender-framework-criticisedKey Findings
- The 2021 IOC framework on gender identity and sex variations is criticized for prioritizing human rights perspectives over medical and scientific evidence, particularly its stance of 'no presumption of advantage' regarding testosterone levels.
- Testosterone is well-established as a performance-enhancing hormone that increases muscle mass and athletic ability, and the authors argue that high testosterone concentrations confer a baseline competitive advantage that must be recognized and mitigated.
- The framework places full responsibility for gender eligibility rules on International Federations (IFs), most of which lack the capacity, resources, and expertise to implement it effectively.
- The authors warn that implementation could lead to two undesirable extremes: either total exclusion of transgender and DSD athletes from competition, or self-identification policies that effectively eliminate meaningful eligibility rules and fair competition.
- The position statement calls for the IOC to provide clear, evidence-based standards for all sports to follow, rather than leaving individual federations to navigate this complex issue alone.
Perawatan Pasien Transgender: Pendekatan Peningkatan Kualitas Praktik Umum(2022)
Isabel Boyd, Thomas Hackett, Susan Bewley (Healthcare)
cohort studydetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careprimary carequality improvement
Audit perawatan primer Inggris terhadap 68 pasien transgender yang tidak menemukan pedoman nasional yang konsisten untuk pemantauan, mengakibatkan perawatan di bawah standar untuk hingga dua pertiga pasien. Studi ini mengungkapkan waktu tunggu yang lama untuk layanan spesialis, tingginya tingkat kondisi kesehatan mental yang terjadi bersamaan, dan tingkat penghentian hormon sebesar 20%, dengan lebih dari setengah yang berhenti menyebutkan detransisi atau penyesalan. Para penulis menyerukan standar perawatan primer berbasis bukti.
www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/121Key Findings
- No UK-wide or international primary care guidelines exist for transgender healthcare, and existing guidance from gender identity clinics is often contradictory, making quality care difficult to deliver.
- Up to two-thirds of transgender patients in the audit did not receive all recommended monitoring standards, largely due to conflicting instructions between different gender identity clinics and international guidelines.
- A significant portion of patients (20%) stopped hormone therapy, with more than half of those citing regret or detransition experiences—raising concerns about current assessment and treatment approaches.
- Patients faced long waits for gender identity clinic appointments (averaging 26 months) and high rates of co-existing mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, self-harm, and autism spectrum disorder.
- The authors call for urgent development of evidence-based, standardized primary care guidelines with measurable quality standards, and recommend this audit approach be replicated nationally to improve understanding of patient outcomes.
Kelanjutan Hormon Penegasan Gender di Kalangan Remaja dan Dewasa Transgender(2022)
Christina M. Roberts, David A. Klein, Terry A. Adirim, Natasha A. Schvey, Elizabeth Hisle-Gorman (The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism)
cohort studytransition outcomesmedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careadolescent
Studi terhadap 952 individu dalam Sistem Perawatan Kesehatan Militer AS ini melacak tingkat kelanjutan/penghentian hormon lintas jenis kelamin. Sekitar 70% terus menggunakan hormon setidaknya selama 4 tahun, tingkat penghentian (penghentian) adalah 30% - jauh lebih tinggi untuk individu transmasculine (35,6% penghentian) dibandingkan dengan transfeminine (19%). Dewasa yang memulai hormon setelah usia 18 tahun memiliki tingkat penghentian 35,6%. Patut dicatat, hampir 26% (1 dari 4) dari mereka yang memulai sebagai anak di bawah umur menghentikan pengobatan. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat penghentian mungkin lebih tinggi daripada yang biasanya dikutip dalam literatur dan mengungkap perbedaan penting berdasarkan gender dan usia saat memulai.
academic.oup.com/jcem/article/107/9/e3937/6572526Key Findings
- 70% continuation rate at 4 years — roughly 3 in 10 people stopped filling hormone prescriptions within the study period.
- Transfeminine patients continued at higher rates (81%) than transmasculine patients (64%) — females seeking masculinization were 2.4 times more likely to discontinue.
- Minors had higher continuation (74%) than adults (64%) — those who started before 18 were less likely to stop.
- Socioeconomic factors showed no effect — family income, parental military rank, and whether care was officially covered didn't influence continuation rates.
- The study only tracked prescription refills, not reasons or outcomes — continuation does not indicate satisfaction, and the authors could not determine why people stopped.
Kebutuhan dan Dukungan Terkait Detransisi: Survei Daring Potong Lintang(2022)
Elie Vandenbussche (Journal of Homosexuality)
mental healthdetransitiongender dysphoriaautismgender-affirming carecross-sectional surveysocial support
Survei daring terhadap 237 orang yang melakukan detransisi (92% perempuan) ini menemukan adanya kebutuhan yang signifikan yang belum terpenuhi. Alasan utama detransisi mencakup menyadari bahwa disforia terkait dengan masalah lain (70%), kekhawatiran kesehatan (62%), dan transisi tidak membantu disforia (50%). Kebutuhan utama meliputi dukungan psikologis untuk kondisi komorbid dan penyesalan, bantuan medis untuk komplikasi, serta koneksi sosial dengan sesama orang yang melakukan detransisi. Banyak responden melaporkan kurangnya dukungan, pengalaman negatif dengan penyedia layanan kesehatan, dan penolakan dari komunitas LGBT.
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00918369.2021.1919479Key Findings
- Detransitioners report significant unmet psychological needs, including coping with gender dysphoria, comorbid mental health conditions, feelings of regret, and internalized homophobia or sexism.
- Many detransitioners need medical support for stopping or changing hormone therapy, dealing with surgery complications, and accessing reversal procedures, but often face dismissive or uninformed healthcare providers.
- Social connection with other detransitioners is critical—87% wanted to hear others' stories and 76% wanted direct contact—yet many experience isolation and rejection from LGBT+ communities they previously belonged to.
- A large majority (70%) realized their gender dysphoria was related to other underlying issues, and half found that transition did not alleviate their dysphoria, highlighting the need for alternative treatment approaches.
- Overall support for detransitioners is severely lacking: only 18% felt they received enough support, with many reporting negative experiences with medical systems, mental health professionals, and loss of community ties.
Studi Tindak Lanjut Anak Laki-laki dengan Gangguan Identitas Gender(2021)
Devita Singh, Susan J. Bradley, Kenneth J. Zucker (Frontiers in Psychiatry)
cohort studytransition outcomesdetransitiongender dysphoriagender identity disordersexual orientationchildhooddesistancepersistence
Studi ini melaporkan data tindak lanjut dari sampel terbesar hingga saat ini anak laki-laki yang dirujuk klinik karena disforia gender (n=139). Pada masa kanak-kanak, anak laki-laki dinilai pada usia rata-rata 7,49 tahun dan ditindaklanjuti pada usia rata-rata 20,58 tahun. Dari 139 anak laki-laki, 17 (12,2%) diklasifikasikan sebagai persisten dan 122 (87,8%) sebagai desisten. Data menunjukkan anak laki-laki yang dirujuk klinik karena kekhawatiran identitas gender memiliki tingkat desistensi yang tinggi dan tingkat orientasi seksual bifilik/androfilik yang tinggi.
www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.632784/fullKey Findings
- Of 139 boys clinic-referred for gender dysphoria in childhood, only 12.2% (17) persisted with gender dysphoria into adolescence/adulthood, while 87.8% (122) desisted.
- A large majority of boys in the study developed a biphilic/androphilic (same-sex attracted) sexual orientation: 63.6% in fantasy and 47.2% in behavior, with an additional quarter reporting no sexual behaviors.
- Boys who persisted with gender dysphoria tended to be older at childhood assessment, from lower social class backgrounds, and showed more severe gender-variant behavior in childhood compared to desisters.
- The study found no significant difference in persistence rates between boys who met full diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder in childhood (13.6%) versus those who were subthreshold (9.8%).
- The authors note this is the largest follow-up study of its kind and discuss implications for contemporary treatment approaches, particularly the increasing practice of early social gender transition which was rare in their sample.
Tipologi Detransisi Gender dan Implikasinya bagi Penyedia Layanan Kesehatan(2021)
Pablo Expósito-Campos (Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy)
mental healthdetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchautismgender-affirming care
Studi ini mengusulkan tipologi sistematis pertama mengenai detransisi gender untuk mengatasi ketidakkonsistenan dalam cara konsep ini diterapkan oleh klinisi dan peneliti. Tipologi tersebut mengkategorikan detransisi berdasarkan apakah individu berhenti atau tetap mengidentifikasi diri sebagai transgender setelah menghentikan intervensi terkait transisi. Penulis membahas implikasinya bagi penyedia layanan kesehatan, dengan menekan pentingnya pedoman klinis khusus untuk detransisioner. Artikel ini juga mengeksplorasi kemungkinan pencegahan detransisi, menonjolkan tantangan yang dihadapi klinisi saat merawat individu dengan disforia gender. Disimpulkan bahwa detransisi adalah fenomena baru yang masih kurang dipahami dan memerlkan dukungan kesehatan khusus serta penelitian lanjutan.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33427094/Key Findings
- The paper proposes a new typology distinguishing 'core' detransition (driven by reidentification with birth sex) from 'non-core' detransition (stopping transition while still identifying as transgender due to external pressures or health concerns).
- Healthcare providers should not rely solely on patient self-identification for clinical decisions, as identities can be fluid; comprehensive psychological assessments and differential diagnosis remain essential.
- Clinicians need to provide honest, transparent communication about the benefits, risks, and limitations of gender-affirming treatments to ensure meaningful informed consent.
- Core and non-core detransitioners have different healthcare needs, requiring tailored clinical guidelines—core detransitioners need help coping with dysphoria without medical transition, while non-core detransitioners may need support for discrimination or medical complications.
- Detransition should not be viewed as automatic 'failure' or 'regret'; clinicians must adopt non-judgmental, compassionate approaches with regular long-term follow-ups for all patients.
- Some individuals initially detransition to non-binary identities before fully reidentifying with their birth sex, suggesting non-binary identification can function as a stepping-stone rather than endpoint.
- The paper notes elevated rates of autism spectrum traits among core detransitioners, possibly linked to intense or obsessional interests around gender. This co-occurrence warrants careful clinical screening rather than automatic affirmation.
Individu yang Diobati untuk Disforia Gender dengan Transisi Medis dan/atau Bedah yang Kemudian Menghentikan Transisi: Survei terhadap 100 Orang(2021)
Lisa Littman (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthdetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriarapid-onset gender dysphoriasurvey
Survei terhadap 100 orang yang menghentikan transisi (69% perempuan) menemukan berbagai alasan untuk menghentikan transisi, termasuk merasa lebih nyaman dengan jenis kelamin lahir mereka (60%), kekhawatiran tentang komplikasi medis (49%), dan menyadari bahwa disforia mereka terkait dengan masalah lain seperti trauma atau kondisi kesehatan mental (38%). Patut dicatat bahwa 23% menyebut homofobia atau kesulitan menerima ketertarikan sesama jenis sebagai faktor. Mayoritas (55%) merasa bahwa evaluasi awal mereka untuk transisi tidak memadai, dan hanya 24% yang telah memberi tahu klinisi mereka tentang penghentian transisi mereka.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34665380/Key Findings
- Most detransitioners (69%) were natal females, and the most common reason for detransitioning was becoming more comfortable identifying as their natal sex (60%), not external discrimination.
- A majority (55%) felt they did not receive adequate evaluation from doctors or mental health professionals before starting transition, and nearly half said counseling was overly positive about benefits while downplaying risks.
- Many participants attributed their gender dysphoria to underlying factors such as trauma, mental health conditions (38%), or internalized homophobia (23%), suggesting alternative causes were not fully explored beforehand.
- Social media and online communities played a significant role in encouraging transition, with YouTube videos (48%), blogs (46%), and Tumblr (45%) being major influences; 20% felt socially pressured to transition by friends, partners, or clinicians.
- Only 24% of detransitioners informed their clinicians that they had detransitioned, indicating that official clinic rates likely underestimate the true prevalence of this outcome.
Detransisi Gender: Sebuah Studi Kasus(2021)
Lisa Marchiano (Journal of Analytical Psychology)
detransitiontraumagender exploratory therapycountertransferencegender dysphoriagender-affirming carecase reportadolescent
Studi kasus ini tentang seorang wanita dewasa muda yang mengalami detransisi menyoroti kompleksitas perkembangan identitas gender. Pasien memiliki riwayat trauma, autisme, dan komorbiditas kesehatan mental. Penulis menekankan perlunya penilaian psikologis yang menyeluruh dan pendekatan yang hati-hati dan individual untuk remaja dengan disforia gender, memungkinkan eksplorasi identitas tanpa medikalisasi prematur.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-5922.12711Key Findings
- A sharp global rise in adolescents identifying as transgender has been accompanied by increasing numbers of young people detransitioning, particularly natal females.
- The case study of Maya illustrates how gender dysphoria can sometimes reflect unaddressed psychological issues—such as unmetabolized grief, attachment trauma, and family dynamics—rather than a core transgender identity.
- The author critiques the gender affirmative model of care for potentially concretizing distress and foreclosing deeper psychological exploration by immediately affirming a patient's stated gender identity.
- Maya's trans identification served multiple unconscious functions: rejecting her mother, escaping feminine expectations, expressing split-off aggression, and gaining social belonging, while her detransition allowed therapeutic work on these underlying issues.
- The paper argues for psychotherapeutic approaches that maintain symbolic thinking about gender distress and help patients confront bodily and emotional reality, rather than rushing to medical interventions.
Akses ke perawatan dan frekuensi detransisi di antara kelompok yang dikeluarkan oleh klinik identitas gender dewasa nasional Inggris: tinjauan catatan kasus retrospektif(2021)
R. Hall, L. Mitchell, J. Sachdeva (BJPsych Open)
mental healthcohort studydetransitiontraumagender dysphoriagender-affirming careadolescent
Dari 175 orang dewasa yang keluar dari klinik gender di Inggris, hanya 56% yang menyelesaikan jalur yang direncanakan; 59% mendapatkan semua perawatan yang diinginkan (94% hormon, 48% operasi). 22% putus sekolah, 19% segera dirujuk kembali. Kondisi perkembangan saraf, kesulitan masa kecil, masalah kesehatan mental atau zat yang sedang berlangsung memprediksi hasil yang lebih buruk. Penulis mendesak perawatan yang lebih individual, trauma-informed.
www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-open/article/access-to-care-and-frequency-of-detransition-among-a-cohort-discharged-by-a-uk-national-adult-gender-identity-clinic-retrospective-casenote-review/3F5AC1315A49813922AAD76D9E28F5CBKey Findings
- Only 56% of patients completed their planned treatment pathway, with 22% disengaging from care entirely and 19% being re-referred shortly after discharge.
- Hormone therapy was accessed by 94% of those who sought it, but gender reassignment surgery rates were much lower—57% for feminizing and just 26% for masculinizing procedures.
- Four factors were independently linked to worse outcomes: neurodevelopmental disorders, adverse childhood experiences, substance misuse during treatment, and mental health concerns during treatment.
- The detransition rate of 6.9% is notably higher than previously reported UK figures, though the authors note this may still be an underestimate due to limited follow-up time.
- The study raises concerns about implementing streamlined care models uniformly, given the significant heterogeneity and complex needs of patients accessing gender identity services.
Kebutuhan dan Dukungan Terkait Detransisi: Survei Online Lintas Seksi(2021)
Vandenbussche, E. (Journal of Homosexuality)
Studi ini menganalisis kebutuhan spesifik detransisioner dari komunitas detrans daring dan sejauh mana kebutuhan tersebut terpenuhi. Survei online lintas seksi terhadap 237 detransisioner pria dan wanita mengungkapkan kebutuhan psikologis penting terkait disforia gender, kondisi komorbid, perasaan penyesalan, dan prasangka yang terinternalisasi. Studi menemukan kurangnya dukungan besar secara keseluruhan, khususnya dari sistem medis/kesehatan mental dan komunitas LGBT+.
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00918369.2021.1919479Key Findings
- Surveyed 237 detransitioners from online communities about their specific needs and whether those needs were being met
- 70% reported realizing gender dysphoria was related to other issues; 62% cited health concerns as a reason for detransition
- Major psychological needs identified: gender dysphoria management, comorbid conditions, feelings of regret, and internalized prejudices
- Significant medical needs found: stopping/changing hormone therapy, surgery complications, and reversal interventions
- Respondents reported a major lack of support overall, with negative experiences from medical/mental health systems and the LGBT+ community
Pemeriksaan Realitas – Kesaksian Detransitioner Mengharuskan Kita Memikirkan Kembali Disforia Gender(2020)
Entwistle, K. (Child and Adolescent Mental Health)
Seruan Butler dan Hutchinson (Butler dan Hutchinson, 2020) untuk penelitian empiris tentang desistensi dan detransisi patut mendapat pertimbangan seksama. Ini secara formal mendokumentasikan kebutuhan kelompok detransitioner yang muncul, banyak di antaranya adalah remaja dan awal dua puluhan. Dengan tidak adanya layanan spesialis, beberapa detransitioner telah berbagi pengalaman mereka di forum publik. Laporan anekdotal oleh detransitioner menunjukkan bahwa tindak lanjut jangka panjang yang sistematis terhadap mereka yang telah diresepkan intervensi medis oleh NHS dan klinik swasta sangat penting untuk memahami gestalt. Pengambilan keputusan berdasarkan misinformasi tentang efektivitas dan kebutuhan intervensi medis untuk disforia gender adalah masalah, dan detransitioner menunjukkan bahwa intervensi nonmedis untuk disforia gender sangat dibutuhkan. Analisis sistem politik dan organisasi yang telah membawa kita ke situasi saat ini diperlukan untuk mencegah lebih banyak anak muda diresepkan intervensi medis yang tidak perlu untuk disforia gender.
acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/camh.12380Key Findings
- An emerging cohort of detransitioners, many in their teens and early twenties, needs specialist support services
- Systematic long-term follow-up of those prescribed medical interventions by NHS and private clinics is essential
- Decision-making about medical interventions for gender dysphoria has been based on misinformation about effectiveness and necessity
- Nonmedical interventions for gender dysphoria are sorely needed by detransitioners
- Analysis of political and organisational systems is required to prevent unnecessary medical interventions
- Published as a Debate piece in Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Kebutuhan mendesak akan penelitian dan layanan untuk gender desister /detransitioner(2020)
Butler, C. & Hutchinson, A.
mental healthdetransitiongender dysphoriaadolescentdesistanceclinical implicationsresearch gaps
Makalah ini menyoroti jumlah individu yang semakin meningkat yang berusaha untuk berhenti atau kembali dari transisi gender. Para penulis berpendapat bahwa meskipun ada tren ini, ada kekurangan signifikan dalam penelitian, panduan klinis, dan dukungan untuk populasi ini. Mereka mencatat bahwa sementara ada protokol yang luas untuk transisi, tidak ada untuk mereka yang kembali, dan menyerukan perhatian mendesak terhadap kebutuhan klinis dan penelitian untuk kelompok ini.
acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/camh.12361Key Findings
- Desisters and detransitioners—people who stop or reverse gender transitions—exist but are often overlooked in research and clinical care, with no established protocols to support them.
- Reported desistance rates vary dramatically (from 73% to 98% in children), but current data is unreliable due to changing diagnostic criteria, sampling biases, short follow-up periods, and a rapidly evolving patient population.
- Today's gender clinic patients differ significantly from past cohorts: there are far more adolescents, more assigned-female-at-birth patients, more non-binary individuals, more who have already socially transitioned, and more with co-occurring conditions like autism or mental health issues.
- Common factors associated with desistance include lower intensity gender dysphoria, greater body acceptance, resolution of contributing issues like homophobic bullying or family difficulties, and eventual gay or lesbian identity.
- Clinical care should be non-judgmental, view gender and sexual identity as potentially fluid, address social context and support systems, connect people to peer groups, and ensure access to medical professionals who can help reverse prior interventions when needed.
Koreksi Studi Kunci: Tidak Ada Bukti bahwa Operasi "Penegasan Gender" Meningkatkan Kesehatan Mental(2020)
American Journal of Psychiatry (Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM))
Studi awal mengklaim manfaat kesehatan mental dari operasi; koreksi tahun 2020 tidak menemukan penurunan dalam pemanfaatan perawatan atau kecenderungan bunuh diri.
segm.org/ajp_correction_2020Key Findings
- Original 2019 AJP study claimed gender-affirming surgery reduced mental health treatment utilization by 8% per year
- After reanalysis with a control group, no statistically significant difference in mental health outcomes was found between surgery and no-surgery groups
- The AJP issued a correction in August 2020 stating no advantage of surgery was demonstrated
- Original study failed to include a control group of non-surgical gender dysphoric patients
- Original study did not correct for multiple hypothesis testing
- The study used a cross-sectional design (single year 2015) rather than prospective or randomized design
- Independent statistical review confirmed methodological concerns raised by external researchers
- The original study's conclusion was deemed 'too strong' given the study design limitations
Pria yang Aku Coba Jadi Bukan Aku(2020)
D'Angelo, R. (International Journal of Psychoanalysis)
Studi kasus ini merinci terapi 'Josh', seorang pria trans yang hidupnya memburuk pasca-transisi. Penulis menggambarkan kebuntuan terapeutik yang berakar pada penipuan dan mistifikasi. Dengan mengatasi ini, terapi dapat melampaui gender untuk menangani masalah yang lebih dalam dari trauma masa lalu, keaslian, dan kehilangan, menunjukkan bahwa transisi tidak menyelesaikan masalah mendasarnya.
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207578.2020.1810049Key Findings
- Clinical case study of a trans man ('Josh') whose life deteriorated after gender transition
- The therapeutic process revealed repetitive enactments involving hiding, deceiving, and mystification
- These enactments constituted a prolonged therapeutic impasse between analyst and patient
- The analyst experienced significant countertransference confusion and anxiety
- Working through the impasse allowed access to a history of violation beneath the gender-structured bind
- The case illustrates complexities of post-transition psychological distress that may not be addressed by transition alone
- Published as a Clinical Communication in the International Journal of Psychoanalysis
Menuju model eksplorasi gender: Memperlambat hal, membuka hal, dan mengeksplorasi perkembangan identitas(2019)
Spiliadis, A. (Metalogos (Systemic Therapy Journal))
Makalah ini memperkenalkan Model Eksplorasi Gender (GEM), kerangka kerja sistemik-perkembangan untuk bekerja dengan remaja yang mengalami disforia gender yang bertolak belakang dengan pendekatan "afirmasi gender". Model ini menekankan perlambatan proses klinis, membuka ruang untuk memahami sifat identitas yang beragam, dan mengeksplorasi bagaimana berbagai faktor (perkembangan, sosial, psikologis) dapat berkontribusi pada tekanan gender. Spiliadis berpendapat bahwa afirmasi dan medikalisasi segera dapat menutup proses perkembangan penting dan bahwa penilaian yang diperpanjang memungkinkan klinisi dan remaja untuk mengeksplorasi apakah transisi gender benar-benar jalan terbaik ke depan, atau apakah masalah mendasar mungkin mendorong disforia.
www.researchgate.net/publication/334559847_Towards_a_Gender_Exploratory_Model_slowing_things_down_opening_things_up_and_exploring_identity_developmentKey Findings
- Proposes a Gender Exploratory Model (GEM) as an alternative to both 'affirmative' and 'reparative' approaches to gender questioning youth
- The GEM is grounded in a systemic-developmental framework that embraces uncertainty about developmental trajectories
- Argues clinicians have exploratory responsibilities and should acknowledge their 'unknown unknowns'
- Emphasizes the importance of collaborative exploration of identity before, during, and potentially after medical decision-making
- Repositions therapeutic work within three domains: production, explanation/exploration, and aesthetics
Membuka Tutup Kotak: Nilai penilaian klinis yang diperpanjang untuk remaja dengan kesulitan identitas gender(2019)
Churcher-Clarke, A. & Spiliadis, A. (Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry)
Tinjauan kasus ini dari GIDS Inggris meneliti remaja dengan disforia gender onset lambat yang, selama penilaian, memutuskan untuk tidak melakukan transisi medis. Para penulis menganalisis 12 kasus seperti itu selama 18 bulan, menyajikan dua vignet untuk menggambarkan bagaimana penilaian yang diperpanjang memungkinkan pemahaman yang berbeda tentang penderitaan mereka, yang menyebabkan mereka berhenti mengejar intervensi hormonal.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30722669/Key Findings
- Joint case review of 18 months of caseloads at the Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS)
- 12 young people with adolescent-onset gender dysphoria ceased wishing to pursue medical interventions during assessment
- Some cases arrived at a different understanding of their embodied distress through extended clinical assessment
- 2 detailed case vignettes illustrate the diversity of developmental pathways
- Argues for the value of extended psychosocial assessment before medical intervention decisions
- Addresses the increasing referrals to specialist gender identity clinics and the need to understand diverse outcomes
- Published in Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol 24(2), pp 338-352
Studi Disforia Gender Onset Cepat (ROGD)(2018)
Littman, L. (PLoS ONE)
Studi ini, berdasarkan laporan orang tua dari 256 kasus, menunjukkan bahwa kontagion sosial melalui kelompok sebaya dan komunitas online dapat mendorong presentasi onset remaja yang tiba-tiba, berpotensi diperkuat oleh lingkungan afirmatif yang tidak mendorong penghentian.[5] Kritikus afirmasi, termasuk Littman, berpendapat bahwa hal itu dapat menciptakan umpan balik bahaya dengan memvalidasi tekanan sementara sebagai identitas tetap, mengurangi tingkat resolusi alami yang diamati dalam kohort menunggu waspada.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0202330Key Findings
- 256 parent-completed surveys met study eligibility criteria for rapid-onset gender dysphoria
- AYA children were predominantly natal female (82.8%) with mean age of 16.4 years
- 62.5% of AYAs had been diagnosed with at least one mental health disorder or neurodevelopmental disability prior to gender dysphoria onset
- In 36.8% of friendship groups, the majority of members became transgender-identified during a similar timeframe
- 47.2% of parents reported subjective declines in their child's mental health since 'coming out'
- 57.3% of parents reported declines in parent-child relationships since the AYA 'came out'
- 86.7% of parents reported their child had increased social media/internet use, belonged to a peer group with multiple newly trans-identified members, or both
- 49.4% of AYAs tried to isolate themselves from their families
- 46.6% of AYAs only trusted information about gender dysphoria from transgender sources
- Rapid presentations of adolescent-onset gender dysphoria in clusters of pre-existing friend groups are not consistent with current knowledge about gender dysphoria
Identitas Sementara: Beberapa Refleksi Psikoanalitik tentang Identitas Transgender(2018)
Lemma, A. (The International Journal of Psychoanalysis)
Makalah ini berargumen bahwa identitas 'transgender' dapat diadopsi terlalu dini oleh beberapa anak muda, menghambat pekerjaan psikologis yang diperlukan untuk memahami makna pribadinya. Penulis, seorang psikoanalis, membahas tantangan mengeksplorasi 'mengapa' dari identitas transgender dalam budaya yang mungkin memandang pertanyaan seperti itu sebagai patologis, dan kebutuhan untuk menyeimbangkan rasa ingin tahu dengan menghindari skeptisisme.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33951791/Key Findings
- Argues that the 'trans' identity label encompasses a complex range of internal psychic positions beyond consciously stated preferences
- Explores cases where premature embrace of transgender identification may undermine the painful psychic work needed to understand what being transgender means for a given young person
- Highlights the difficulty clinicians face when asking 'why transgender' is perceived as pathologizing in external culture
- Advocates for 'equidistant curiosity' about meaning and function as core to an analytic approach
- Warns against both using psychoanalysis as a conversion tool and against silencing exploratory dialogue
Apakah anak trans tetap trans saat dewasa?(2016)
Cantor, J.M. (Sexology Today!)
Artikel ini meninjau tiga studi tindak lanjut berskala besar yang menguji apakah anak-anak yang mengungkapkan disforia gender terus mengidentifikasi diri sebagai transgender hingga dewasa. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa hanya persentase yang sangat kecil yang bertahan, dengan sekitar 60-90% anak yang diidentifikasi sebagai trans tidak lagi mengidentifikasi diri sebagai trans pada saat dewasa, melainkan umumnya mengidentifikasi diri sebagai gay atau lesbian.
www.sexologytoday.org/2016/01/do-trans-kids-stay-trans-when-they-grow_99.htmlKey Findings
- Reviews 12 follow-up studies of gender-dysphoric children into adulthood spanning multiple countries and decades
- Finds that approximately 60–90% of children referred to gender identity clinics no longer identify as transgender by adulthood
- Notes that desisters generally grow up to be gay or lesbian rather than heterosexual
- Emphasizes that a substantial minority do persist and deserve appropriate support
- Argues that neither desistance nor persistence can be taken for granted, requiring careful individual assessment
Faktor yang terkait dengan penghentian dan kelanjutan disforia gender masa kanak-kanak: studi tindak lanjut kuantitatif(2013)
Steensma et al. (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)
Studi ini melacak 127 anak yang dirujuk sebelum usia 12 tahun, mengungkapkan bahwa faktor-faktor seperti intensitas disforia gender awal dan transisi sosial memengaruhi ketekunan, dengan sekitar 70% berhenti setelah pubertas ketika komorbiditas seperti kecemasan ditangani daripada ditegaskan sebagai inheren pada identitas gender.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23702447/Key Findings
- Intensity of gender dysphoria in childhood is the strongest predictor of persistence into adolescence
- Natal girls have a higher probability of persistence than natal boys
- Psychological functioning and quality of peer relations do not predict persistence of childhood GD
- Cognitive and affective cross-gender identification and social role transition are associated with persistence
- Predictive factors for persistence differ between natal boys and girls
- Persisters report higher gender dysphoria intensity, more body dissatisfaction, and higher same-sex sexual orientation compared to desisters
- Childhood social transitions were important predictors of persistence, especially among natal boys
- Explicitly asking children with GD which sex they identify with is valuable in predicting future outcome
Studi Kohort Swedia(2011)
Dhejne et al. (PLOS ONE)
Tindak lanjut jangka panjang dari 324 individu pasca operasi penentuan ulang jenis kelamin (hingga 30 tahun), menunjukkan angka kematian bunuh diri 19,1 kali lebih tinggi dari populasi umum, tanpa pengurangan morbiditas psikiatri.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0016885Key Findings
- First nationwide population-based long-term follow-up of sex-reassigned transsexual persons
- 324 sex-reassigned persons compared with random population controls matched by age and gender
- Overall mortality nearly 3 times higher than controls (aHR 2.8)
- Suicide mortality approximately 19 times higher than controls (aHR 19.1)
- Risk of suicide attempts nearly 5 times higher (aHR 4.9)
- Risk of psychiatric hospitalization nearly 3 times higher (aHR 2.8)
- Female-to-males had higher criminal conviction risk than birth sex controls
- Survival divergence from controls became apparent approximately 10 years post-reassignment
- Study design does not address whether sex reassignment is an effective treatment
Tindak Lanjut Jangka Panjang Orang Transseksual yang Menjalani Operasi Reasignasi Seks: Studi Kohort di Swedia(2003)
Dhejne et al (PLOS ONE)
Studi ini menyoroti risiko kesehatan fisik yang bertahan pasca-transisi, terkait dengan penggunaan hormon lintas-seks. Dengan menindaklanjuti individu transgender pasca-bedah, melaporkan 2-3 kali lebih tinggi mortalitas keseluruhan (misalnya, dari penyebab kardiovaskular) dibandingkan dengan populasi umum.
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3043071/Key Findings
- All 324 sex-reassigned persons in Sweden 1973-2003 were included (191 male-to-females, 133 female-to-males)
- Overall mortality was nearly 3 times higher for sex-reassigned persons than for controls of the same birth sex
- Death from suicide was approximately 19 times higher in sex-reassigned persons compared to controls
- Risk of suicide attempts was nearly 5 times higher after sex reassignment
- Risk of psychiatric inpatient care was nearly 3 times higher after sex reassignment
- Female-to-males had higher risk for criminal convictions than birth sex controls; male-to-females did not
- Survival curves suggest mortality divergence began approximately 10 years after sex reassignment
- Sex reassignment alleviates gender dysphoria but does not address elevated rates of morbidity and mortality