디트랜지션 연구는 아직 새로운 분야입니다. 지난 10년간 특히 청소년 여성 사이에서 성별 불쾌감 진단이 급증하면서 디트랜지셔너 인구도 늘어나고 있지만, 높은 추종 단절률, 이념적 분열, 방법론적 한계로 인해 데이터 수집은 여전히 어려운 과제로 남아 있습니다.
1996년에서 2019년 사이 핀란드의 전문 성별 정체성 서비스에 문의한 청소년 및 청년 성인의 정신질환 유병률: 등록 연구(2026)
Ruuska et al.
mental healthcohort studytransition outcomesdiagnostic trends
1996-2019년 핀란드의 전국 코호트 연구에서 23세 미만 성별 의뢰 개인 2,083명을 16,643명의 매칭된 대조군과 비교. 성별 의뢰 청소년은 의뢰 전(45.7% 대 15.0%)과 의뢰 후 2년 이상(61.7% 대 14.6%) 모두에서 대조군보다 유의하게 높은 정신질환 유병률을 보였다. 2010년 이후 의뢰된 자는 이전 코호트보다 정신과적 필요성이 더 컸다. 의학적 성별 재할당을 받은 청소년 중에서 정신질환 유병률은 추적 기간 동안 현저히 증가하여, 여성화 성별 재할당에서는 9.8%에서 60.7%로, 남성화 성별 재할당에서는 21.6%에서 54.5%로 상승했다. 이전 정신과 치료를 조정한 후, 모든 성별 의뢰 청소년은 유사하게 높은 정신질환 유병률 위험을 가지고 있었으며, 위험비는 여성 대조군보다 약 3배, 남성 대조군보다 약 5배 높았다. 중증 정신질환은 성별 의뢰 청소년에게 흔하며, 최근 의뢰 급증 후 의뢰된 자에서 더 흔하게 나타나며, 의학적 성별 재할당 후 정신과적 필요성은 감소하지 않는다고 결론 짓는다.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.70533Key Findings
- Far higher psychiatric morbidity: Gender-referred adolescents were about three times more likely to have received specialist psychiatric treatment before referral compared to matched controls, and this gap widened after referral.
- Post-2010 surge linked to greater needs: Youth referred after 2010 showed roughly double the pre-referral psychiatric morbidity of the earlier cohort, suggesting increasingly complex cases.
- Psychiatric needs increased after medical transition: Among those who underwent medical gender reassignment, the proportion needing specialist psychiatric care rose sharply during follow-up—especially among those receiving feminising treatment (from ~10% to ~61%).
- Risk remains elevated even after accounting for prior mental health: After adjusting for pre-existing psychiatric treatment, all gender-referred groups still had a 3- to 5-fold higher risk of severe psychiatric morbidity than controls, regardless of whether they underwent medical transition.
- Clinical takeaway: The findings emphasize the need for thorough psychiatric evaluation and continuous mental health support before, during, and after any medical gender reassignment, as psychiatric needs often persist or worsen rather than resolve.
노르웨이 국립 성별 불일치 센터에 의뢰된 아동 및 청소년의 치료 궤적(2025)
Cecilie Bjertness Nyquist, Leila Torgersen, Linda W. David, Trond Haaken Diseth, Kjersti Gulbrandsen, Anne Waehre (Acta Paediatrica)
cohort studytransition outcomesdetransitionpuberty suppression
노르웨이 국립 성별 불일치 센터에 의뢰된 1,258명의 청소년을 대상으로 한 이 노르웨이 코호트 연구에서 22%가 성별 확인 의료 치료 없이 퇴원한 것으로 나타났습니다. 테스토스테론을 시작한 사람 중 18명의 여성이 디트랜지션했습니다(11명은 트랜스젠더 정체성 중단으로 인해). 이 연구는 사춘기 차단제에서 호르몬으로의 높은 지속률(97%)을 강조하며 파이프라인 효과에 대한 우려를 제기하고, 디트랜지션을 포함한 다양한 치료 궤적을 고려할 때 장기적인 후속 조치의 필요성을 강조합니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39648282/Key Findings
- Among 1,258 children and adolescents referred to Norway's national gender clinic from 2000-2020, 62% started gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) and 11% received puberty blockers (GnRHa).
- Nearly all (97%) of those who received puberty blockers went on to hormone treatment, raising questions about whether blockers allow for meaningful exploration of gender identity.
- Eighteen individuals assigned female at birth (2.3% of those on GAHT) detransitioned after testosterone treatment, with most ceasing to identify as transgender entirely.
- Because of loss to follow-up and incomplete external treatment data, the authors acknowledge their detransition figure (2.3% of those who started GAHT) may be too low. They cite a Finnish nationwide register study finding a 7.9% discontinuation rate to support the concern that their number is probably an underestimate.
- About 22% of those who attended at least one appointment were discharged without any medical treatment, most commonly due to mental health concerns.
- The study highlights significant shifts in Norwegian clinical practice over time, with declining use of puberty blockers in recent years amid growing international scrutiny of evidence for these treatments.
영국의 1차 진료를 받는 아동 및 청소년의 성별 불쾌감과 성별 불일치의 역학: 후향적 코호트 연구(2025)
Jarvis et al.
mental healthcohort studydiagnostic trends
영국의 1차 진료 기록에 대한 이 대규모 연구는 2011년부터 2021년 사이에 0-18세 아동 및 청소년 사이에서 기록된 성별 불쾌감/불일치가 50배(5000%) 증가한 것을 발견했습니다. 유병률은 인구 10,000명당 0.16명에서 8.3명으로 증가했으며, 특히 2014년 이후 출생 시 여성으로 등록된 사람들에서 가장 두드러진 증가를 보였습니다. 이 연구는 또한 동반 발생하는 정신 건강 상태의 높은 비율을 발견했는데, 52.7%가 불안, 우울증 또는 자해 기록을 가지고 있었습니다. 의학적 개입은 상대적으로 드물었으며, 4.7%가 사춘기 차단제를, 8.0%가 성호르몬을 처방받았습니다. 저자들은 이 인구 집단을 위한 더 나은 정신 건강 지원의 시급한 필요성을 지적합니다.
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12320607/Key Findings
- A 50-fold increase in recorded diagnoses
- Between 2011 and 2021, the recorded prevalence of gender dysphoria/incongruence in English primary care rose from roughly 1 in 60,000 to about 1 in 1,200 among 17–18 year olds.
- The rise is driven mainly by recorded females
- After 2014, incidence increased far more rapidly in females than males; by 2021, prevalence was approximately twice as high in females, reversing historical patterns.
- Mental health co-conditions are very common
- Over half (52.7%) of affected children and young people had a record of anxiety, depression, or self-harm—substantially higher than matched youth with autism or eating disorders, especially for depression and self-harm.
- Medical hormone treatment remains rare in primary care records
- Only 4.7% received puberty-suppressing hormones and 8.0% received masculinising/feminising hormones, likely reflecting long specialist waiting times and under-recording of treatments initiated elsewhere.
- Strongly age-linked, but not deprivation-linked
- Cases were rarely recorded before age 11 and peaked at ages 17–18; there was no consistent association between prevalence and neighbourhood deprivation levels.
청소년의 성별 불쾌감을 위한 사춘기 차단제: 체계적 검토 및 메타분석(2025)
Anna Miroshnychenko, Yetiani Roldan, Sara Ibrahim, Chan Kulatunga-Moruzi, Steven Montante, Rachel Couban, Gordon Guyatt, Romina Brignardello-Petersen (Archives of Disease in Childhood)
mental healthcohort studypuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoria
Archives of Disease in Childhood의 이 체계적 검토 및 메타분석은 성별 불쾌감을 겪는 청소년을 위한 사춘기 차단제에 대한 10개 연구를 조사했습니다. 저자들은 "사춘기 차단제의 효과에 대한 상당한 불확실성"을 발견했으며, 전반적인 기능, 우울증 및 골밀도를 포함한 결과에 대해 "매우 낮은 확실성"의 증거만을 발견했습니다. 비교 관찰 연구는 매우 낮은 확실성의 증거를 제공했으며, 이전-이후 연구도 매우 낮은 확실성을 보였습니다. 저자들은 "이러한 개입을 자신 있게 권장하기 전에 방법론적으로 엄격한 전향적 연구가 필요하다"고 결론지었습니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39855724/Key Findings
- The evidence for puberty blockers' effects on youth with gender dysphoria is mostly 'very low certainty' across all measured outcomes, meaning we cannot reliably conclude whether they help or harm.
- Only 10 studies met inclusion criteria, with no randomized controlled trials found; most studies had serious methodological flaws like missing data and lack of proper comparison groups.
- Potential mental health benefits (improved global function, reduced depression and gender dysphoria) were suggested but remain highly uncertain due to weak study designs. Another study (Olson-Kennedy et al., 2025) shows that depression got worse.
- Bone mineral density at the hip, spine, and femoral neck appeared lower after puberty blocker use, though this finding also carries very low certainty.
- The authors call for methodologically rigorous prospective studies and possibly randomized controlled trials to better understand both short-term and long-term effects of this intervention.
26세 미만 성별 불쾌감을 가진 개인을 위한 성별 확인 호르몬 요법: 체계적 문헌 고찰 및 메타분석(2025)
Anna Miroshnychenko, Sara Ibrahim, Yetiani Roldan, Chan Kulatunga-Moruzi, Steven Montante, Rachel Couban, Gordon Guyatt, Romina Brignardello-Petersen (Archives of Disease in Childhood)
mental healthcohort studypuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewmeta-analysis
이 포괄적인 체계적 문헌 고찰 및 메타분석은 26세 미만 개인을 대상으로 한 성별 확인 호르몬 요법(GAHT)에 대한 24개 연구를 평가했습니다. 이 검토에서는 성별 불쾌감, 전반적 기능 및 우울증과 관련하여 대부분 "매우 낮은 확실성"의 증거를 발견했습니다. 한 연구에서는 우울증 확률이 낮아질 수 있다고(OR 0.73) 제안했지만, 이는 낮은 확실성의 증거로 평가되었습니다. 저자들은 "GAHT의 효과에 대해 상당한 불확실성이 있으며, 이익 또는 해악의 가능성을 배제할 수 없습니다. 더 높은 확실성의 증거를 생성하기 위해서는 방법론적으로 엄격한 전향적 연구가 필요합니다"라고 결론지었습니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39855725/Key Findings
- The evidence for most effects of gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in young people under 26 is very low certainty, meaning we cannot confidently determine benefits or harms.
- Only one study found low certainty evidence that depression may be lower in those who received GAHT compared to those who did not.
- Cardiovascular events were the only outcomes with higher certainty evidence: about 4% of natal females experienced cardiovascular events 7-109 months after GAHT (high certainty), and about 0.2% at 26 months (moderate certainty).
- All 24 included studies had serious methodological limitations, including failure to adjust for important confounders like mental health conditions, missing data, and participants receiving other treatments.
- The authors conclude that better designed prospective studies are urgently needed to understand the true effects of GAHT on gender dysphoria, mental health, bone density, and other outcomes.
우리는 알고 싶은가?(2025)
D'Angelo, R. (The International Journal of Psychoanalysis)
detransitiontraumagender exploratory therapycountertransferencemedical ethics
이 논문은 젊은이들을 위한 성별 확인 개입의 약한 증거 기반과 심오한 결과가 민감한 정신분석적 탐구를 요구한다고 주장합니다. 사회정치적 동향이 젊은이들이 의료적 전환을 추구하는 이유에 대한 깊은 탐구를 '금지된' 또는 전환 치료로 프레임하는 방식을 비판합니다. 저자는 정치적으로 동기 부여된 임상의들이 트랜스 정체성의 의미를 탐구하는 사람들을 잘못 표현하고, 약한 증거 기반과 심각한 위험을 최소화하면서 성별 불쾌감 아래에 있는 정신적 고통을 모호하게 한다고 지적합니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39327914/Key Findings
- Trauma can hide behind a fixed trans narrative. In the case of Elly, a history of maternal abuse and emotional neglect only emerged after 18 months of analytic work, revealing her gender dysphoria was deeply entangled with unprocessed psychic pain that brief clinic assessments would never have uncovered.
- The medical evidence base is shaky. Systematic reviews from the UK (Cass Review), Sweden, Finland and Germany consistently find that evidence for the benefits of puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones in youth is of very low quality, while serious physical harms—including cardiovascular risks and infertility—are well established.
- There is a "prohibition on knowing" at every level. Patients like Elly fiercely defend against exploration of their gendered experience, and this individual resistance is reinforced by a socio-political climate that frames any questioning of trans identity as transphobic or a form of conversion therapy.
- Advocacy within psychoanalysis is misrepresenting exploratory work. Prominent analysts who promote medical affirmation are, in D'Angelo's view, distorting the intent of clinicians who ask "why," erasing the suffering of detransitioners, and abandoning the analytic mandate to understand unconscious meaning.
- The profession may be over-correcting for its past. The analytic community's defensive rush to affirm medical transition may be driven by unconscious guilt over its history of pathologising homosexuality, coupled with clinicians avoiding the dread and helplessness that arise when sitting with a young person pursuing irreversible body modification.
출생 시 여성으로 등록된 성인의 이야기: 의학적 전환을 시작하고 나중에 디트랜지션한 경우(2025)
Jane Lomax, Catherine Butler (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthdetransitionnarrative analysisgender dysphoriaqualitative researchautism
의학적 개입 후 디트랜지션한 영국 여성 6명(21-32세)에 대한 질적 연구. 네 가지 이야기 주제가 나타났습니다: 디스포리아 해결을 위한 의학적 전환의 한계, 테스토스테론에 대한 장기적인 건강 우려, 남성으로 사는 사회적 도전, 그리고 진행 중인 과정으로서의 디트랜지션. 참가자들은 충족되지 않은 지원 필요를 보고하고 전환 결과에 대한 현실적인 기대의 중요성을 강조했습니다.
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03083-9#ref-CR61Key Findings
- Medical transition had limits: Participants found that hormones and surgery did not fully resolve their gender dysphoria or underlying mental health struggles, with some experiencing intensified distress or 'reverse dysphoria' after physical changes.
- Long-term health concerns drove decisions: Anxiety about unknown long-term effects of testosterone on female bodies—such as cardiovascular risks, uterine atrophy, and infertility—contributed to detransition, with participants feeling inadequately informed beforehand.
- Social belonging shifted over time: Many discovered they felt more authentic connecting with women and lesbian communities rather than living as men, with some realizing narrow stereotypes of womanhood had influenced their initial decision to transition.
- Detransition is complex and ongoing: The process involved grief, guilt, and practical challenges like navigating a masculinized appearance, with most finding alternative ways to manage distress rather than through medical intervention.
- Support systems are largely inadequate: Participants reported unmet needs from healthcare providers and therapists, often turning to online detransition communities for information, practical guidance, and emotional support instead.
성인에서의 성별 불쾌감과 디트랜지션: 핀란드의 성 정체성 클리닉에서 온 9명의 환자 분석(2025)
Kaisa Kettula, Niina Puustinen, Lotta Tynkkynen, Liisa Lempinen, Katinka Tuisku (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthcohort studydetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoria
핀란드에서 9명의 디트랜지셔너(여성 7명, 남성 2명)를 대상으로 한 이 연구는 모두 초기 전환이 진정한 트랜스젠더 정체성이 아니라 미해결된 심리적 스트레스 요인(아동기 트라우마, 성적 학대, 섭식 장애, 경계선 인격 장애 증상 등)에 의해 주도되었다고 보고했습니다. 7명의 여성 모두 평균 7년의 '큰' 후회를 했습니다. 회고적으로 환자들은 전환의 필요성이 성별 불쾌감이 아니라 성숙 도전과 애착 문제에서 비롯되었다고 확인했습니다. 이 연구는 의료적 개입 전 철저한 심리적 평가의 중요성을 강조합니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40394447/Key Findings
- This study of nine Finnish adults who detransitioned found that most (seven of nine) experienced 'major regret' and sought to reverse their gender-affirming treatments, with an average of seven years passing before regret emerged.
- The detransitioners had very high rates of psychiatric conditions, including mood disorders (89%), anxiety disorders (78%), borderline personality disorder (56%), eating disorders or symptoms (78%), and childhood trauma or sexual abuse affecting nearly all patients.
- Patients retrospectively reported that their original desire to transition stemmed not from true transgender identity, but from factors like trauma, misogyny, dissociative disorders, difficult life circumstances, or confusion about sexuality.
- The clinic made several practice changes in response, including removing referral requirements for detransitioners, increasing psychiatric collaboration, offering psychotherapy, and emphasizing professional neutrality rather than affirmation.
- The authors stress that thorough psychological evaluation—especially for trauma, dissociation, and attachment issues—should precede irreversible interventions to reduce adverse outcomes.
사춘기 차단제와 노화가 고환 세포 상태와 기능에 미치는 영향(2024)
Murugesh et al
puberty supressioninfertility
사춘기 차단제를 복용하는 소년들의 분석에서 정원 줄기 세포에 지속적인 손상이 나타나며, 이는 중단 후에도 되돌릴 수 없는 불임을 시사합니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38585884/Key Findings
- Widespread use, limited data — 100% of gender dysphoria patients in this pediatric biorepository were on puberty blockers, yet long-term effects on testicular development remain poorly understood.
- Physical atrophy observed — Histology revealed mild-to-severe seminiferous tubule atrophy in PB-treated children, with some patients showing fully atrophied glands and microlithiasis.
- Developmental block at stem cell stage — Single-cell analysis showed >90% of germ cells in PB-treated juveniles were arrested at the spermatogonial stage, failing to progress toward meiosis.
- Machine learning flags "prepubertal" profile — Models trained on normal developmental data classified PB-treated patients as prepubertal across all cell types, suggesting incomplete or absent maturation of the testicular niche.
- Reversibility questioned — The combination of gland atrophy, abnormal cell proportions, and persistently immature gene expression signatures raises concerns about whether complete reproductive recovery is guaranteed after discontinuing puberty blockers.
성별 확정 수술 후 자살 및 자해의 위험(2024)
John J. Straub, Krishna K. Paul, Lauren G. Bothwell, Sterling J. Deshazo, Georgiy Golovko, Michael S. Miller, Dietrich V. Jehle (Cureus)
mental healthcohort studydiagnostic trendstraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriasurgeries
성별 확정 수술 후 자살 및 자해 위험을 조사한 후향적 연구(TriNetX 데이터베이스 활용, 미국 56개 의료기관, 9천만 명 이상 환자). 성별 확정 수술을 받고 응급실 방문이력이 있는 성인 1,501명을 대조군과 비교함. 주요 발견: 수술군은 수술 없는 군 대비 자살 시도 위험이 12.12배 높음(3.47% vs 0.29%);输卵管结扎/정관수술 대조군과 비교해 성향점수 매칭 전 5.03배, 매칭 후 4.71배 높음(3.50% vs 0.74%); 인두염 대조군에서도 결과는 유사함. 연구는 성별 확정 수술을 받은 환자의 자살 위험이 유의하게 증가한다고 결론짓고, 수술 후 종합적인 정신의학적 지원의 필요성을 강조함.
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11063965/Key Findings
- Patients who underwent gender-affirming surgery had a 12.12 times higher risk of suicide attempts compared to general emergency department patients, and a 4.71 times higher risk compared to patients who had tubal ligation or vasectomy procedures.
- The study found significantly elevated risks across all measured outcomes: suicide attempts, death, self-harm, and PTSD—persisting even after propensity matching for age, race, ethnicity, and sex.
- PTSD risk was notably elevated, with a 7.76-fold increase compared to general emergency patients and 3.23-fold increase after matching with surgical controls, suggesting pre-operative trauma and post-operative challenges both play important roles.
- The large-scale retrospective study used real-world data from over 90 million patients across 56 U.S. healthcare organizations over a 20-year period, making it one of the largest studies of its kind.
- The authors emphasize that their findings show association rather than causation, and conclude that comprehensive psychiatric support and mental health care are essential in the years following gender-affirming surgery.
캐스 검토(2024)
Hilary Cass (The Cass Review)
mental healthtransition outcomespuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaautismsystematic review
영국의 NHS England가 의뢰한 독립적인 체계적 검토로, 18세 미만 청소년을 위한 성 정체성 서비스에 대한 100개 이상의 연구를 평가했습니다. 이는 기존 연구의 방법론적 결함을 강조하며 긍정적 치료 모델에 대한 높은 수준의 비판을 나타냅니다. 사춘기 차단제와 교차 성 호르몬에 대한 증거가 "놀랍도록 약하거나" 저품질이며, 무작위 시험이 부족하고, 골밀도 손실 및 불확실한 정신 건강상의 이점과 같은 위험이 있다고 결론지었습니다.
https://segm.org/Final-Cass-Report-2024-NHS-Response-SummaryKey Findings
- The review emphasizes evidence-based, holistic care for gender-questioning youth rather than a social justice model, calling for individualized assessments that screen for co-occurring conditions like autism and mental health issues.
- The evidence base for medical interventions—particularly puberty blockers and hormones—was found to be weak, prompting recommendations for a full research program and extreme caution, especially for hormones starting at age 16.
- A nominated medical practitioner should take overall clinical responsibility for patient safety, and every case for medical treatment must be reviewed by a national multidisciplinary team.
- Social transition decisions for pre-pubertal children should involve early consultation with experienced clinical professionals, reflecting a more cautious approach than previously standard.
- All children being considered for medical pathways must be offered fertility counseling and preservation before starting treatment.
성별 확인 호르몬 치료를 찾는 사람들에서의 디트랜지션 유병률: 체계적 리뷰(2024)
Eva Feigerlova (Journal of Sexual Medicine)
cohort studydetransitionpuberty suppressiongender exploratory therapymedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic review
Journal of Sexual Medicine에 실린 이 체계적 리뷰는 성별 확인 호르몬 치료를 요청하거나 시작한 개인들 사이의 디트랜지션 비율에 대한 기존 연구를 조사했습니다. 리뷰는 문헌에서 중요한 격차를 발견하고 다양한 데이터 세트에서 잠재적인 편향의 원인을 식별했습니다. 저자는 최근의 증거가 성별 확인 절차의 이점을 시사함에도 불구하고, 디트랜지션에 대한 새로운 요구와 후회 보고가 중요한 지식 격차를 나타낸다고 지적합니다. 리뷰는 디트랜지션의 실제 유병률과 그 근본적인 원인을 이해하기 위해 더 나은 장기 추적 연구의 필요성을 강조합니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39724926/Key Findings
- Detransition rates are relatively low: shifts in treatment requests before any medication ranged from 0.8-7.4%, puberty blocker (GnRHa) discontinuation from 1-7.6%, and hormone therapy (GAHT) discontinuation from 1.6-9.8%.
- The 15 included studies were highly heterogeneous and generally low quality—most were retrospective, had insufficient follow-up times, used inconsistent definitions of detransition, and failed to account for confounding factors like social or financial pressures.
- Reasons for stopping treatment varied widely and were not limited to identity changes; they included side effects, financial barriers, social issues, treatment goals being met, and poor compliance, making it difficult to isolate true identity-based detransition.
- There is no standardized definition of detransition across studies, with some counting anyone who stopped identifying as transgender regardless of medical steps taken, while others required actual hormone discontinuation with intent to revert to birth-assigned gender.
- The authors conclude that detransition remains insufficiently studied and call for well-designed long-term prospective research with consistent measurement tools, adequate follow-up, and control for confounding variables to better inform healthcare providers and policymakers.
소아 '성별 확인' 치료의 목적은 무엇인가?(2024)
Gorin, M.
mental healthpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewautonomygender-affirming care
헤이스팅스 센터 리포트에 게재된 이 생명윤리학적 분석은 소아 성별 확인 치료에 대한 증거 기반의 정당화에서 "자율성 기반" 논쟁으로의 전환을 비판하며 "구현 목표"를 호소합니다. 저자는 최근의 체계적 검토가 과학적 증거가 불확실하다고 결론지었기 때문에 일부가 건강 개선을 목표로 포기하고 대신 환자의 자율성을 통해 개입을 정당화하고 있다고 주장합니다. 고린은 이러한 자율성 기반의 논쟁이 임상적 의사결정에서 자율성의 위치를 오해하고 결과적으로 환자를 의학적 피해의 위험에 빠뜨린다고 결론지었습니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38842886/Key Findings
- Current U.S. clinical guidelines endorse puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, and surgery for youth gender dysphoria, but international bodies in England, Sweden, and Finland have pulled back after systematic reviews found weak evidence of medical benefits.
- The Dutch protocol—the original research basis for pediatric medical transition—had significant methodological flaws, including no control group, confounded measurement of gender dysphoria, and a population very different from today's patients.
- Some bioethicists argue youth should have a right to transition-related interventions based on 'embodiment goals' and autonomy alone, without requiring evidence of mental health benefits or even a diagnosis.
- The author argues this autonomy-based view contradicts medicine's core principle of nonmaleficence: patient desire for body modification is not sufficient justification for risky medical interventions without evidence of health benefits.
- International discrepancies in treatment guidelines stem partly from different standards of evidence assessment (systematic reviews vs. narrative reviews) and partly from deeper value disagreements about whether medicine's aim is health improvement or fulfilling patient identity goals.
디트랜지션 비율은 알려지지 않음(2023)
J. Cohn (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
detransitionpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewsurgeriesgender-affirming care
이 논문은 기존 연구의 중대한 결함으로 인해 실제 디트랜지션, 중단 및 후회율이 알려지지 않았다고 주장합니다. 이 논문은 짧은 추적 기간(후회가 표면화되기까지 수년이 걸릴 수 있음), 높은 추적 손실률, 최근 청소년 사례의 급증을 반영하지 않는 샘플 사용과 같은 문제로 널리 인용된 연구를 비판합니다. 저자는 매우 낮은 후회율에 대한 주장이 신뢰할 수 없으며 이러한 불확실성이 정보에 입각한 동의에 중요하다고 결론지었습니다.
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-023-02623-5Key Findings
- The true rates of detransition, regret, and discontinuation of gender-affirming medical interventions are unknown, despite frequent claims that they are very low (0.3-0.6%).
- Existing studies on regret and detransition suffer from serious methodological flaws: too-short follow-up periods, high loss to follow-up, inadequate measurement instruments, and samples that don't represent today's patient population.
- Observed times to regret or detransition are often long—averaging 3-10+ years—meaning studies with short follow-up periods systematically underestimate true rates.
- The current evidence base for medical interventions for gender dysphoria is of 'low' to 'very low' quality, with no randomized controlled trials comparable to those standard in other fields like depression treatment.
- Young people and families considering medical intervention should be informed that reliable data on risks like regret and detransition are unavailable, as this uncertainty is essential for truly informed consent.
트랜스젠더 및 젠더 다양성 청소년의 성별 관련 의료 요청 변화(2023)
Ariel Cohen, Veronica Gomez-Lobo, Laura Willing, David Call, Lauren F. Damle, Lawrence J. D'Angelo, Amber Song, John F. Strang,
transition outcomespuberty suppressiongender dysphoriaqualitative researchautismgender-affirming caremixed-methods
성별 클리닉에 있는 68명의 청소년(47% 자폐증)을 대상으로 한 이 연구에서 거의 3분의 1(29%)이 의료적 전환 요청을 변경한 것으로 나타났습니다. 변화는 논바이너리 청소년들 사이에서 더 흔했으며 성별 식별 과정의 '드물지 않은' 부분으로 간주되었습니다. 가장 빈번한 패턴은 요청을 철회한 후 나중에 다시 시작하는 것이었습니다.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1054139X22007194Key Findings
- Nearly one-third (29%) of gender-diverse youth in the study shifted their requests for gender-affirming hormones or surgery over time, suggesting such changes are not uncommon during adolescent gender exploration.
- Nonbinary youth were significantly more likely to experience shifts in medical requests compared to binary transgender youth, though no differences were found by age, autism status, or sex assigned at birth.
- The most common pattern (45% of those with shifts) involved youth making a request, withdrawing it, and later re-requesting treatment—indicating that stepping back from medical requests is often temporary rather than final.
- Most shifts (85%) occurred before any treatment began, and only one participant in the entire study expressed regret after starting treatment, consistent with prior research that regret is rare.
- Key reasons for shifts fell into two main themes: ongoing gender discovery (wanting more time, exploring identity) and interpersonal influences (lack of support, coming-out worries, peer pressure), with mental health clinicians playing a valuable role in supporting youth through this non-linear process.
이전에 트랜스로 자기를 규정했던 젊은 성인들의 전환 중단 및 성별 정체성 포기(2023)
Sasha Ayad, Lisa Marchiano, Kenneth J. Zucker (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthtransition outcomesdetransitiontraumagender dysphoriaqualitative researchrapid-onset gender dysphoria
성별 전환을 중단한 미국 청년 78명(18-33세)을 대상으로 한 설문 연구로, 이들은 최소 6개월 전에 트랜스젠더로 자기 인식을 중단했다. 연구에 따르면 대부분(83%)이 사회적 전환 조치를, 68%는 의학적 전환 조치를 취했다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다: 17% 미만만이 소아기 성별 불일치 DSM-5 기준을 충족했으며, 53%는 급속 발현 성별 불일치가 자신에게 해당된다고 믿었다; 91%는 출생 시 여성이었다; 참가자들은 트랜스 인식 이전에 높은 비율로 정신과 진단을 받았다; 성별 전환 중단 후 자해와 성별 불일치가 크게 감소하면서 심리 건강이 극적으로 개선되었다; 초기 트랜스 인식의 가장 흔한 이유는 정신 건강 문제나 외상 반응을 성별 불일치로 착각한 것이었다; 중단 이유는 외부 압력보다는 내면의 변화에 따른 것이었다. 연구는 일부 개인에게 성별 전환 중단이 가능하고 이롭다는 점을 시사한다.
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10794437/Key Findings
- The vast majority of participants (91%) were natal females, and most reported that their psychological health improved dramatically after detransition, with large decreases in self-harm and gender dysphoria and increases in well-being.
- Fewer than 17% of participants met diagnostic criteria for childhood gender dysphoria, while 53% believed 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria' applied to them—suggesting many developed gender dysphoria suddenly during or after puberty without prior history.
- Participants had very high rates of psychiatric diagnoses (95% had at least one lifetime diagnosis) and self-harm (79%), with most mental health issues predating their transgender identification.
- The most common reason for initial trans-identification was confusing mental health issues or trauma reactions for gender dysphoria; reasons for detransition were primarily internal (own thought processes, realizing causes were more complicated) rather than external pressures like family or discrimination.
- Most participants (68%) had taken medical transition steps including hormones, and 28% had undergone surgery, yet the majority felt inadequately informed about risks and alternatives during the informed consent process.
젠더 의학에서의 의인성 피해(2023)
Sarah C. J. Jorgensen (Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy)
mental healthdetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careiatrogenic harm
이 논평은 '성별 긍정 모델'이 의인성 피해를 일으키고 있다고 주장하며, 점점 더 많은 젊은 디트랜지셔너들이 이를 증명하고 있다고 말합니다. 저자는 이 모델이 심리적 평가의 부족, 의학적 위험의 경시, 약한 증거에 의존하는 점을 비판합니다. 디트랜지셔너들을 의료 피해 생존자로 인정할 것을 요구하고, 젊은이들의 성별 전환의 장기적 영향에 대한 공개 토론과 연구를 촉구하며, 많은 유럽 국가들이 이제 더 신중한 접근 방식을 채택하고 있다고 지적합니다.
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0092623X.2023.2224320Key Findings
- Growing numbers of young people are detransitioning and experiencing regret over permanent physical changes, suggesting problems with the current gender-affirming care model.
- Recent studies indicate 10-30% of youth who undergo medical transition discontinue treatment within 1-4 years, yet long-term data is virtually nonexistent.
- Mental health issues, trauma, and neurodiversity are often inadequately explored before transition, with 'minority stress' frequently used to explain away complex psychological conditions.
- Major medical guidelines largely ignore detransitioners, leaving them without clinical guidance, support, or proper care for lasting hormonal and surgical effects.
- Several countries are shifting away from medical transition as first-line treatment for youth after systematic reviews found weak evidence supporting these interventions.
젊은이들의 성별 불쾌감이 증가하고 있습니다—전문가들 간의 의견 불일치도 마찬가지입니다(2023)
Jennifer Block (The BMJ)
diagnostic trendsdetransitionpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewgender-affirming care
이 조사 보고서는 미성년자의 의학적 전환에 대한 국제적 논쟁의 증가를 강조합니다. 미국 의료 기관이 '성별 긍정 치료'를 지지하는 반면, 여러 유럽 국가들(스웨덴, 핀란드, 영국)은 낮은 품질의 증거로 인해 신중할 것을 촉구하고 있습니다. 이 기사는 의학적 합의의 주장에 의문을 제기하며, 청소년의 호르몬 치료에 대한 증거가 '낮은' 또는 '매우 낮은' 품질임을 발견한 체계적 검토를 지적하고 장기적 결과 데이터의 부족을 언급합니다.
https://www.bmj.com/content/380/bmj.p382Key Findings
- Rising numbers of young people with gender dysphoria are seeking medical treatment, yet professional opinions are deeply divided—US medical groups broadly support 'gender-affirming care' while several European countries are restricting medical interventions for minors due to insufficient evidence.
- Major US medical organizations describe gender-affirming treatments as 'evidence-based,' but independent experts found serious methodological flaws in their guidelines, including weak evidence paired with strong recommendations and failure to conduct proper systematic reviews of treatment outcomes.
- Systematic reviews by Sweden, Finland, the UK's NICE, and Florida's health agency all concluded that evidence for puberty blockers, hormones, and surgeries in minors is inconclusive, insufficient, or of very low quality—directly contradicting claims of scientific certainty.
- The number of young people discontinuing hormone treatment may be as high as 20-30% within a few years, and 'detransitioners' are increasingly speaking out about harms from early medical interventions that they say were not truly informed consent.
- Clinical practice has shifted rapidly toward faster medicalization, with some teens receiving hormones within 12 months of their first clinic visit and mental health evaluations being de-emphasized, raising concerns about inadequate assessment of whether gender dysphoria will persist.
디트랜지션은 논란이 아닌 더 깊은 이해가 필요하다(2023)
Kinnon Ross MacKinnon, Pablo Expósito-Campos, W Ariel Gould (BMJ)
mental healthdetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchgender-affirming care
이 논문은 연구자들과 임상의들이 디트랜지션을 간과해 왔기 때문에 충족되지 않은 의료 요구가 발생했다고 주장한다. 저자들은 디트랜지션을 하는 사람들의 다양한 경험을 이해하기 위해 강력하고 정치화되지 않은 연구를 요구하며, 현재 연구는 짧은 추적 기간과 선택 편향에 의해 제한된다고 지적한다. 그들은 디트랜지션을 하는 사람들에 대한 치료 개선이 포괄적인 성별 치료의 필수적인 부분이며, 장기적인 결과에 대한 더 나은 이해를 제공함으로써 궁극적으로 모든 트랜스젠더에게 이익이 될 것이라고 강조한다.
www.bmj.com/content/381/bmj-2022-073584Key Findings
- Detransition is poorly understood due to limited research and stigma, leaving people with unmet healthcare needs and no clinical guidelines for care.
- People who detransition are diverse: many are female, transitioned young, and may re-identify with their birth sex, sexual orientation, or continue identifying as trans.
- Common reasons for detransition include persistent or returning gender dysphoria, health concerns, social discrimination, identity exploration, or unresolved dysphoria despite treatment.
- Research on detransition needs major improvements: longer follow-up periods (5-10 years), using patients' preferred language, and including those lost to follow-up to avoid biased conclusions.
- Trans and detrans people share more similarities than differences; studying detransition benefits all gender-diverse individuals and strengthens comprehensive gender care for everyone.
가슴 남성화 유방절제술과 성전환 되돌림 후 모유 수유에 대한 슬픔(2023)
Karleen D. Gribble, Susan Bewley, Hannah G. Dahlen (Frontiers in Global Women's Health)
detransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchsurgeriescase report
이 사례 연구는 가슴 남성화 유방절제술을 받은 후 임신을 하고 모유 수유 불가능으로 인한 깊은 슬픔과 심리적 고통을 경험한 성전환 되돌림 여성의 경험을 상세히 설명합니다. 이 보고서는 모유 수유 기능 상실에 대한 충분한 설명과 동의의 부족, 의료 제공자의 이해 부족, 그리고 어머니에게 미치는 정서적 부담을 강조합니다.
www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgwh.2023.1073053/fullKey Findings
- Breastfeeding is rarely discussed in counseling or consent guidelines for chest masculinization mastectomy, despite the procedure often permanently destroying the ability to produce and deliver milk.
- A detransitioned woman experienced intense grief over her inability to breastfeed, compounded by maternity providers who dismissed her distress or misgendered her due to inadequate training on detransition.
- The most common chest masculinization surgical technique—free nipple grafting—almost certainly precludes breastfeeding, yet existing literature falsely claims outcomes cannot be predicted.
- Research on detransition rates and long-term outcomes of chest masculinization surgery is poor quality, with short follow-up periods and high loss to follow-up that may underestimate regret.
- Health providers need individualized, sex-based care for detransitioned women, including emotional support for breastfeeding grief, donor milk access, and avoidance of assumptions about gender identity.
트랜스젠더 청소년과 성인 사이의 성별 확인 호르몬의 지속(2022)
Christina M. Roberts, David A. Klein, Terry A. Adirim, Natasha A. Schvey, Elizabeth Hisle-Gorman (The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism)
cohort studytransition outcomesmedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careadolescent
미군 의료 시스템의 952명을 대상으로 한 이 연구는 성전환 호르몬의 지속/중단 비율을 추적했습니다. 약 70%가 최소 4년 동안 호르몬 사용을 계속한 반면, 중단률(중단)은 30%였습니다. 트랜스남성(35.6% 중단)은 트랜스여성(19%)에 비해 상당히 높았습니다. 18세 이후 호르몬을 시작한 성인의 중단률은 35.6%였습니다. 주목할 만하게, 미성년자로 시작한 사람들 중 거의 26%(4명 중 1명)가 치료를 중단했습니다. 이러한 결과는 중단률이 문헌에서 일반적으로 인용되는 것보다 높을 수 있으며 시작 시 성별과 연령에 따른 중요한 차이를 보여줍니다.
academic.oup.com/jcem/article/107/9/e3937/6572526Key Findings
- 70% continuation rate at 4 years — roughly 3 in 10 people stopped filling hormone prescriptions within the study period.
- Transfeminine patients continued at higher rates (81%) than transmasculine patients (64%) — females seeking masculinization were 2.4 times more likely to discontinue.
- Minors had higher continuation (74%) than adults (64%) — those who started before 18 were less likely to stop.
- Socioeconomic factors showed no effect — family income, parental military rank, and whether care was officially covered didn't influence continuation rates.
- The study only tracked prescription refills, not reasons or outcomes — continuation does not indicate satisfaction, and the authors could not determine why people stopped.
디트랜지션 관련 필요와 지원: 횡단면 온라인 설문조사(2022)
Elie Vandenbussche (Journal of Homosexuality)
mental healthdetransitiongender dysphoriaautismgender-affirming carecross-sectional surveysocial support
237명의 디트랜지셔너(92% 여성)를 대상으로 한 이 온라인 설문조사에서는 충족되지 않은 필요가 상당한 것으로 나타났다. 디트랜지션의 주요 이유로는 성별 불쾌감이 다른 문제와 관련되어 있음을 깨달았다는 점(70%), 건강상의 우려(62%), 그리고 트랜지션이 성별 불쾌감 완화에 도움이 되지 않았다는 점(50%)이 꼽혔다. 주요 필요로는 동반 질환과 후회에 대한 심리적 지원, 합병증에 대한 의학적 도움, 그리고 다른 디트랜지셔너들과의 사회적 연결이 포함되었다. 많은 응답자들이 지원 부족, 의료 제공자와의 부정적 경험, 그리고 LGBT 커뮤니티로부터의 배제를 보고했다.
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00918369.2021.1919479Key Findings
- Detransitioners report significant unmet psychological needs, including coping with gender dysphoria, comorbid mental health conditions, feelings of regret, and internalized homophobia or sexism.
- Many detransitioners need medical support for stopping or changing hormone therapy, dealing with surgery complications, and accessing reversal procedures, but often face dismissive or uninformed healthcare providers.
- Social connection with other detransitioners is critical—87% wanted to hear others' stories and 76% wanted direct contact—yet many experience isolation and rejection from LGBT+ communities they previously belonged to.
- A large majority (70%) realized their gender dysphoria was related to other underlying issues, and half found that transition did not alleviate their dysphoria, highlighting the need for alternative treatment approaches.
- Overall support for detransitioners is severely lacking: only 18% felt they received enough support, with many reporting negative experiences with medical systems, mental health professionals, and loss of community ties.
스포츠 이점 검토(2022)
Pigozzi et al (BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine)
medical ethicsgender identitysports medicinetestosteronefairnessinclusiontransgender athletesdifferences of sexual development
남성 사춘기의 비가역적 영향으로 인해 트랜스젠더 여성이 호르몬 치료 후에도 근육량, 힘, 헤모글로빈에서 9-31%의 이점을 유지한다는 연구 검토.
www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1117938/ioc-transgender-framework-criticisedKey Findings
- The 2021 IOC framework on gender identity and sex variations is criticized for prioritizing human rights perspectives over medical and scientific evidence, particularly its stance of 'no presumption of advantage' regarding testosterone levels.
- Testosterone is well-established as a performance-enhancing hormone that increases muscle mass and athletic ability, and the authors argue that high testosterone concentrations confer a baseline competitive advantage that must be recognized and mitigated.
- The framework places full responsibility for gender eligibility rules on International Federations (IFs), most of which lack the capacity, resources, and expertise to implement it effectively.
- The authors warn that implementation could lead to two undesirable extremes: either total exclusion of transgender and DSD athletes from competition, or self-identification policies that effectively eliminate meaningful eligibility rules and fair competition.
- The position statement calls for the IOC to provide clear, evidence-based standards for all sports to follow, rather than leaving individual federations to navigate this complex issue alone.
트랜스젠더 환자 관리: 일반 진료 품질 개선 접근법(2022)
Isabel Boyd, Thomas Hackett, Susan Bewley (Healthcare)
cohort studydetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careprimary carequality improvement
영국의 68명의 트랜스젠더 환자를 대상으로 한 1차 진료 감사에서 모니터링을 위한 일관된 국가 지침이 없어 환자의 3분의 2까지 표준 미만의 치료를 받는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 전문 서비스에 대한 긴 대기 시간, 동반 발생하는 정신 건강 상태의 높은 비율, 20%의 호르몬 중단률을 보여주었으며, 중단한 사람 중 절반 이상이 성전환 취소 또는 후회를 언급했다. 저자들은 근거 기반 1차 진료 기준을 요구하고 있다.
www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/121Key Findings
- No UK-wide or international primary care guidelines exist for transgender healthcare, and existing guidance from gender identity clinics is often contradictory, making quality care difficult to deliver.
- Up to two-thirds of transgender patients in the audit did not receive all recommended monitoring standards, largely due to conflicting instructions between different gender identity clinics and international guidelines.
- A significant portion of patients (20%) stopped hormone therapy, with more than half of those citing regret or detransition experiences—raising concerns about current assessment and treatment approaches.
- Patients faced long waits for gender identity clinic appointments (averaging 26 months) and high rates of co-existing mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, self-harm, and autism spectrum disorder.
- The authors call for urgent development of evidence-based, standardized primary care guidelines with measurable quality standards, and recommend this audit approach be replicated nationally to improve understanding of patient outcomes.
성별 디트랜지션: 사례 연구(2021)
Lisa Marchiano (Journal of Analytical Psychology)
detransitiontraumagender exploratory therapycountertransferencegender dysphoriagender-affirming carecase reportadolescent
디트랜지션을 경험한 젊은 성인 여성의 이 사례 연구는 성 정체성 발달의 복잡성을 강조합니다. 환자는 트라우마, 자폐증 및 정신 건강 동반 질환의 병력이 있었습니다. 저자는 성별 불쾌감을 가진 청소년을 위해 철저한 심리 평가와 신중하고 개별화된 접근의 필요성을 강조하며, 조기 의료화 없이 정체성 탐색을 허용합니다.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-5922.12711Key Findings
- A sharp global rise in adolescents identifying as transgender has been accompanied by increasing numbers of young people detransitioning, particularly natal females.
- The case study of Maya illustrates how gender dysphoria can sometimes reflect unaddressed psychological issues—such as unmetabolized grief, attachment trauma, and family dynamics—rather than a core transgender identity.
- The author critiques the gender affirmative model of care for potentially concretizing distress and foreclosing deeper psychological exploration by immediately affirming a patient's stated gender identity.
- Maya's trans identification served multiple unconscious functions: rejecting her mother, escaping feminine expectations, expressing split-off aggression, and gaining social belonging, while her detransition allowed therapeutic work on these underlying issues.
- The paper argues for psychotherapeutic approaches that maintain symbolic thinking about gender distress and help patients confront bodily and emotional reality, rather than rushing to medical interventions.
영국 국립 성인 성별 정체성 클리닉에서 퇴원한 코호트 간의 치료 접근성 및 디트랜지션 빈도: 후향적 사례 기록 검토(2021)
R. Hall, L. Mitchell, J. Sachdeva (BJPsych Open)
mental healthcohort studydetransitiontraumagender dysphoriagender-affirming careadolescent
Key Findings
- Only 56% of patients completed their planned treatment pathway, with 22% disengaging from care entirely and 19% being re-referred shortly after discharge.
- Hormone therapy was accessed by 94% of those who sought it, but gender reassignment surgery rates were much lower—57% for feminizing and just 26% for masculinizing procedures.
- Four factors were independently linked to worse outcomes: neurodevelopmental disorders, adverse childhood experiences, substance misuse during treatment, and mental health concerns during treatment.
- The detransition rate of 6.9% is notably higher than previously reported UK figures, though the authors note this may still be an underestimate due to limited follow-up time.
- The study raises concerns about implementing streamlined care models uniformly, given the significant heterogeneity and complex needs of patients accessing gender identity services.
성별 정체성 장애를 가진 남아에 대한 추적 연구(2021)
Devita Singh, Susan J. Bradley, Kenneth J. Zucker (Frontiers in Psychiatry)
cohort studytransition outcomesdetransitiongender dysphoriagender identity disordersexual orientationchildhooddesistancepersistence
이 연구는 성별 불쾌감으로 진료소에 의뢰된 남아 중 가장 큰 표본(n=139)에 대한 추적 데이터를 보고한다. 어린 시절, 남아는 평균 7.49세에 평가되었고 평균 20.58세에 추적되었다. 139명 중 17명(12.2%)은 지속자로, 122명(87.8%)은 중단자로 분류되었다. 데이터는 성 정체성 문제로 진료소에 의뢰된 남아가 높은 중단률과 높은 양성애적/남성애적 성적 지향을 보였음을 보여주었다.
www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.632784/fullKey Findings
- Of 139 boys clinic-referred for gender dysphoria in childhood, only 12.2% (17) persisted with gender dysphoria into adolescence/adulthood, while 87.8% (122) desisted.
- A large majority of boys in the study developed a biphilic/androphilic (same-sex attracted) sexual orientation: 63.6% in fantasy and 47.2% in behavior, with an additional quarter reporting no sexual behaviors.
- Boys who persisted with gender dysphoria tended to be older at childhood assessment, from lower social class backgrounds, and showed more severe gender-variant behavior in childhood compared to desisters.
- The study found no significant difference in persistence rates between boys who met full diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder in childhood (13.6%) versus those who were subthreshold (9.8%).
- The authors note this is the largest follow-up study of its kind and discuss implications for contemporary treatment approaches, particularly the increasing practice of early social gender transition which was rare in their sample.
의학적 및/또는 수술적 전이로 성별 불쾌감을 치료받은 후 전이를 중단한 개인: 100명의 디트랜지셔너 조사(2021)
Lisa Littman (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthdetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriarapid-onset gender dysphoriasurvey
100명의 디트랜지셔너(69% 여성)를 대상으로 한 이 조사에서는 출생 성별에 더 편안함을 느끼게 된 것(60%), 의학적 합병증에 대한 우려(49%), 자신의 디스포리아가 트라우마나 정신 건강 상태와 같은 다른 문제와 관련이 있다는 것을 깨달은 것(38%) 등 디트랜지션의 다양한 이유를 발견했습니다. 특히, 23%는 동성애 혐오 또는 동성에 대한 매력을 받아들이는 어려움을 요인으로 언급했습니다. 대다수(55%)는 전이를 위한 초기 평가가 불충분하다고 느꼈으며, 단 24%만이 자신의 디트랜지션을 임상의에게 알렸습니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34665380/Key Findings
- Most detransitioners (69%) were natal females, and the most common reason for detransitioning was becoming more comfortable identifying as their natal sex (60%), not external discrimination.
- A majority (55%) felt they did not receive adequate evaluation from doctors or mental health professionals before starting transition, and nearly half said counseling was overly positive about benefits while downplaying risks.
- Many participants attributed their gender dysphoria to underlying factors such as trauma, mental health conditions (38%), or internalized homophobia (23%), suggesting alternative causes were not fully explored beforehand.
- Social media and online communities played a significant role in encouraging transition, with YouTube videos (48%), blogs (46%), and Tumblr (45%) being major influences; 20% felt socially pressured to transition by friends, partners, or clinicians.
- Only 24% of detransitioners informed their clinicians that they had detransitioned, indicating that official clinic rates likely underestimate the true prevalence of this outcome.
성별 디트랜지션의 유형학 및 의료 제공자에 대한 함의(2021)
Pablo Expósito-Campos (Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy)
mental healthdetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchautismgender-affirming care
본 연구는 임상의 및 연구자들 사이에서 개념 적용의 불일치를 해결하기 위해 처음으로 체계적인 성별 디트랜지션 유형론을 제안한다. 이 유형론은 전환 관련 중재를 중단한 후 트랜스젠더로 자신을 인식하는 것을 중단하거나 지속하는지에 따라 디트랜지션을 분류한다. 저자는 의료 제공자에게 미치는 영향을 논의하며, 디트랜지셔너를 위한 임상 지침의 필요성을 강조한다. 또한 디트랜지션 예방의 가능성을 탐색하며, 성별 불일치를 겪는 개인을 치료할 때 임상의들이 직면하는 어려움을 강조한다. 디트랜지션은 새로 나타나지만 이해되지 않은 현상으로, 전문적인 의료 지원과 추가 연구가 필요하다고 결론짓는다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33427094/Key Findings
- The paper proposes a new typology distinguishing 'core' detransition (driven by reidentification with birth sex) from 'non-core' detransition (stopping transition while still identifying as transgender due to external pressures or health concerns).
- Healthcare providers should not rely solely on patient self-identification for clinical decisions, as identities can be fluid; comprehensive psychological assessments and differential diagnosis remain essential.
- Clinicians need to provide honest, transparent communication about the benefits, risks, and limitations of gender-affirming treatments to ensure meaningful informed consent.
- Core and non-core detransitioners have different healthcare needs, requiring tailored clinical guidelines—core detransitioners need help coping with dysphoria without medical transition, while non-core detransitioners may need support for discrimination or medical complications.
- Detransition should not be viewed as automatic 'failure' or 'regret'; clinicians must adopt non-judgmental, compassionate approaches with regular long-term follow-ups for all patients.
- Some individuals initially detransition to non-binary identities before fully reidentifying with their birth sex, suggesting non-binary identification can function as a stepping-stone rather than endpoint.
- The paper notes elevated rates of autism spectrum traits among core detransitioners, possibly linked to intense or obsessional interests around gender. This co-occurrence warrants careful clinical screening rather than automatic affirmation.
성별 데시스터/디트랜지셔너를 위한 연구와 서비스의 긴급한 필요성(2020)
Butler, C. & Hutchinson, A.
mental healthdetransitiongender dysphoriaadolescentdesistanceclinical implicationsresearch gaps
이 논문은 성별 전환을 중단하거나 되돌리려는 개인의 증가를 강조합니다. 저자들은 이러한 추세에도 불구하고 이 인구에 대한 연구, 임상 지침 및 지원이 크게 부족하다고 주장합니다. 그들은 전환을 위한 광범위한 프로토콜이 존재하는 반면, 되돌아가는 사람들을 위한 프로토콜은 없으며, 이 그룹의 임상 및 연구 필요성에 대한 긴급한 주의를 요구합니다.
acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/camh.12361Key Findings
- Desisters and detransitioners—people who stop or reverse gender transitions—exist but are often overlooked in research and clinical care, with no established protocols to support them.
- Reported desistance rates vary dramatically (from 73% to 98% in children), but current data is unreliable due to changing diagnostic criteria, sampling biases, short follow-up periods, and a rapidly evolving patient population.
- Today's gender clinic patients differ significantly from past cohorts: there are far more adolescents, more assigned-female-at-birth patients, more non-binary individuals, more who have already socially transitioned, and more with co-occurring conditions like autism or mental health issues.
- Common factors associated with desistance include lower intensity gender dysphoria, greater body acceptance, resolution of contributing issues like homophobic bullying or family difficulties, and eventual gay or lesbian identity.
- Clinical care should be non-judgmental, view gender and sexual identity as potentially fluid, address social context and support systems, connect people to peer groups, and ensure access to medical professionals who can help reverse prior interventions when needed.