디트랜지션 연구는 아직 새로운 분야입니다. 지난 10년간 특히 청소년 여성 사이에서 성별 불쾌감 진단이 급증하면서 디트랜지셔너 인구도 늘어나고 있지만, 높은 추종 단절률, 이념적 분열, 방법론적 한계로 인해 데이터 수집은 여전히 어려운 과제로 남아 있습니다.
1996년에서 2019년 사이 핀란드의 전문 성별 정체성 서비스에 문의한 청소년 및 청년 성인의 정신질환 유병률: 등록 연구(2026)
Ruuska et al.
mental healthcohort studytransition outcomesdiagnostic trends
1996-2019년 핀란드의 전국 코호트 연구에서 23세 미만 성별 의뢰 개인 2,083명을 16,643명의 매칭된 대조군과 비교. 성별 의뢰 청소년은 의뢰 전(45.7% 대 15.0%)과 의뢰 후 2년 이상(61.7% 대 14.6%) 모두에서 대조군보다 유의하게 높은 정신질환 유병률을 보였다. 2010년 이후 의뢰된 자는 이전 코호트보다 정신과적 필요성이 더 컸다. 의학적 성별 재할당을 받은 청소년 중에서 정신질환 유병률은 추적 기간 동안 현저히 증가하여, 여성화 성별 재할당에서는 9.8%에서 60.7%로, 남성화 성별 재할당에서는 21.6%에서 54.5%로 상승했다. 이전 정신과 치료를 조정한 후, 모든 성별 의뢰 청소년은 유사하게 높은 정신질환 유병률 위험을 가지고 있었으며, 위험비는 여성 대조군보다 약 3배, 남성 대조군보다 약 5배 높았다. 중증 정신질환은 성별 의뢰 청소년에게 흔하며, 최근 의뢰 급증 후 의뢰된 자에서 더 흔하게 나타나며, 의학적 성별 재할당 후 정신과적 필요성은 감소하지 않는다고 결론 짓는다.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.70533Key Findings
- Far higher psychiatric morbidity: Gender-referred adolescents were about three times more likely to have received specialist psychiatric treatment before referral compared to matched controls, and this gap widened after referral.
- Post-2010 surge linked to greater needs: Youth referred after 2010 showed roughly double the pre-referral psychiatric morbidity of the earlier cohort, suggesting increasingly complex cases.
- Psychiatric needs increased after medical transition: Among those who underwent medical gender reassignment, the proportion needing specialist psychiatric care rose sharply during follow-up—especially among those receiving feminising treatment (from ~10% to ~61%).
- Risk remains elevated even after accounting for prior mental health: After adjusting for pre-existing psychiatric treatment, all gender-referred groups still had a 3- to 5-fold higher risk of severe psychiatric morbidity than controls, regardless of whether they underwent medical transition.
- Clinical takeaway: The findings emphasize the need for thorough psychiatric evaluation and continuous mental health support before, during, and after any medical gender reassignment, as psychiatric needs often persist or worsen rather than resolve.
우리는 알고 싶은가?(2025)
D'Angelo, R. (The International Journal of Psychoanalysis)
detransitiontraumagender exploratory therapycountertransferencemedical ethics
이 논문은 젊은이들을 위한 성별 확인 개입의 약한 증거 기반과 심오한 결과가 민감한 정신분석적 탐구를 요구한다고 주장합니다. 사회정치적 동향이 젊은이들이 의료적 전환을 추구하는 이유에 대한 깊은 탐구를 '금지된' 또는 전환 치료로 프레임하는 방식을 비판합니다. 저자는 정치적으로 동기 부여된 임상의들이 트랜스 정체성의 의미를 탐구하는 사람들을 잘못 표현하고, 약한 증거 기반과 심각한 위험을 최소화하면서 성별 불쾌감 아래에 있는 정신적 고통을 모호하게 한다고 지적합니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39327914/Key Findings
- Trauma can hide behind a fixed trans narrative. In the case of Elly, a history of maternal abuse and emotional neglect only emerged after 18 months of analytic work, revealing her gender dysphoria was deeply entangled with unprocessed psychic pain that brief clinic assessments would never have uncovered.
- The medical evidence base is shaky. Systematic reviews from the UK (Cass Review), Sweden, Finland and Germany consistently find that evidence for the benefits of puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones in youth is of very low quality, while serious physical harms—including cardiovascular risks and infertility—are well established.
- There is a "prohibition on knowing" at every level. Patients like Elly fiercely defend against exploration of their gendered experience, and this individual resistance is reinforced by a socio-political climate that frames any questioning of trans identity as transphobic or a form of conversion therapy.
- Advocacy within psychoanalysis is misrepresenting exploratory work. Prominent analysts who promote medical affirmation are, in D'Angelo's view, distorting the intent of clinicians who ask "why," erasing the suffering of detransitioners, and abandoning the analytic mandate to understand unconscious meaning.
- The profession may be over-correcting for its past. The analytic community's defensive rush to affirm medical transition may be driven by unconscious guilt over its history of pathologising homosexuality, coupled with clinicians avoiding the dread and helplessness that arise when sitting with a young person pursuing irreversible body modification.
출생 시 여성으로 등록된 성인의 이야기: 의학적 전환을 시작하고 나중에 디트랜지션한 경우(2025)
Jane Lomax, Catherine Butler (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthdetransitionnarrative analysisgender dysphoriaqualitative researchautism
의학적 개입 후 디트랜지션한 영국 여성 6명(21-32세)에 대한 질적 연구. 네 가지 이야기 주제가 나타났습니다: 디스포리아 해결을 위한 의학적 전환의 한계, 테스토스테론에 대한 장기적인 건강 우려, 남성으로 사는 사회적 도전, 그리고 진행 중인 과정으로서의 디트랜지션. 참가자들은 충족되지 않은 지원 필요를 보고하고 전환 결과에 대한 현실적인 기대의 중요성을 강조했습니다.
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03083-9#ref-CR61Key Findings
- Medical transition had limits: Participants found that hormones and surgery did not fully resolve their gender dysphoria or underlying mental health struggles, with some experiencing intensified distress or 'reverse dysphoria' after physical changes.
- Long-term health concerns drove decisions: Anxiety about unknown long-term effects of testosterone on female bodies—such as cardiovascular risks, uterine atrophy, and infertility—contributed to detransition, with participants feeling inadequately informed beforehand.
- Social belonging shifted over time: Many discovered they felt more authentic connecting with women and lesbian communities rather than living as men, with some realizing narrow stereotypes of womanhood had influenced their initial decision to transition.
- Detransition is complex and ongoing: The process involved grief, guilt, and practical challenges like navigating a masculinized appearance, with most finding alternative ways to manage distress rather than through medical intervention.
- Support systems are largely inadequate: Participants reported unmet needs from healthcare providers and therapists, often turning to online detransition communities for information, practical guidance, and emotional support instead.
성인에서의 성별 불쾌감과 디트랜지션: 핀란드의 성 정체성 클리닉에서 온 9명의 환자 분석(2025)
Kaisa Kettula, Niina Puustinen, Lotta Tynkkynen, Liisa Lempinen, Katinka Tuisku (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthcohort studydetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoria
핀란드에서 9명의 디트랜지셔너(여성 7명, 남성 2명)를 대상으로 한 이 연구는 모두 초기 전환이 진정한 트랜스젠더 정체성이 아니라 미해결된 심리적 스트레스 요인(아동기 트라우마, 성적 학대, 섭식 장애, 경계선 인격 장애 증상 등)에 의해 주도되었다고 보고했습니다. 7명의 여성 모두 평균 7년의 '큰' 후회를 했습니다. 회고적으로 환자들은 전환의 필요성이 성별 불쾌감이 아니라 성숙 도전과 애착 문제에서 비롯되었다고 확인했습니다. 이 연구는 의료적 개입 전 철저한 심리적 평가의 중요성을 강조합니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40394447/Key Findings
- This study of nine Finnish adults who detransitioned found that most (seven of nine) experienced 'major regret' and sought to reverse their gender-affirming treatments, with an average of seven years passing before regret emerged.
- The detransitioners had very high rates of psychiatric conditions, including mood disorders (89%), anxiety disorders (78%), borderline personality disorder (56%), eating disorders or symptoms (78%), and childhood trauma or sexual abuse affecting nearly all patients.
- Patients retrospectively reported that their original desire to transition stemmed not from true transgender identity, but from factors like trauma, misogyny, dissociative disorders, difficult life circumstances, or confusion about sexuality.
- The clinic made several practice changes in response, including removing referral requirements for detransitioners, increasing psychiatric collaboration, offering psychotherapy, and emphasizing professional neutrality rather than affirmation.
- The authors stress that thorough psychological evaluation—especially for trauma, dissociation, and attachment issues—should precede irreversible interventions to reduce adverse outcomes.
노르웨이 국립 성별 불일치 센터에 의뢰된 아동 및 청소년의 치료 궤적(2025)
Cecilie Bjertness Nyquist, Leila Torgersen, Linda W. David, Trond Haaken Diseth, Kjersti Gulbrandsen, Anne Waehre (Acta Paediatrica)
cohort studytransition outcomesdetransitionpuberty suppression
노르웨이 국립 성별 불일치 센터에 의뢰된 1,258명의 청소년을 대상으로 한 이 노르웨이 코호트 연구에서 22%가 성별 확인 의료 치료 없이 퇴원한 것으로 나타났습니다. 테스토스테론을 시작한 사람 중 18명의 여성이 디트랜지션했습니다(11명은 트랜스젠더 정체성 중단으로 인해). 이 연구는 사춘기 차단제에서 호르몬으로의 높은 지속률(97%)을 강조하며 파이프라인 효과에 대한 우려를 제기하고, 디트랜지션을 포함한 다양한 치료 궤적을 고려할 때 장기적인 후속 조치의 필요성을 강조합니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39648282/Key Findings
- Among 1,258 children and adolescents referred to Norway's national gender clinic from 2000-2020, 62% started gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) and 11% received puberty blockers (GnRHa).
- Nearly all (97%) of those who received puberty blockers went on to hormone treatment, raising questions about whether blockers allow for meaningful exploration of gender identity.
- Eighteen individuals assigned female at birth (2.3% of those on GAHT) detransitioned after testosterone treatment, with most ceasing to identify as transgender entirely.
- Because of loss to follow-up and incomplete external treatment data, the authors acknowledge their detransition figure (2.3% of those who started GAHT) may be too low. They cite a Finnish nationwide register study finding a 7.9% discontinuation rate to support the concern that their number is probably an underestimate.
- About 22% of those who attended at least one appointment were discharged without any medical treatment, most commonly due to mental health concerns.
- The study highlights significant shifts in Norwegian clinical practice over time, with declining use of puberty blockers in recent years amid growing international scrutiny of evidence for these treatments.
청소년의 성별 불쾌감을 위한 사춘기 차단제: 체계적 검토 및 메타분석(2025)
Anna Miroshnychenko, Yetiani Roldan, Sara Ibrahim, Chan Kulatunga-Moruzi, Steven Montante, Rachel Couban, Gordon Guyatt, Romina Brignardello-Petersen (Archives of Disease in Childhood)
mental healthcohort studypuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoria
Archives of Disease in Childhood의 이 체계적 검토 및 메타분석은 성별 불쾌감을 겪는 청소년을 위한 사춘기 차단제에 대한 10개 연구를 조사했습니다. 저자들은 "사춘기 차단제의 효과에 대한 상당한 불확실성"을 발견했으며, 전반적인 기능, 우울증 및 골밀도를 포함한 결과에 대해 "매우 낮은 확실성"의 증거만을 발견했습니다. 비교 관찰 연구는 매우 낮은 확실성의 증거를 제공했으며, 이전-이후 연구도 매우 낮은 확실성을 보였습니다. 저자들은 "이러한 개입을 자신 있게 권장하기 전에 방법론적으로 엄격한 전향적 연구가 필요하다"고 결론지었습니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39855724/Key Findings
- The evidence for puberty blockers' effects on youth with gender dysphoria is mostly 'very low certainty' across all measured outcomes, meaning we cannot reliably conclude whether they help or harm.
- Only 10 studies met inclusion criteria, with no randomized controlled trials found; most studies had serious methodological flaws like missing data and lack of proper comparison groups.
- Potential mental health benefits (improved global function, reduced depression and gender dysphoria) were suggested but remain highly uncertain due to weak study designs. Another study (Olson-Kennedy et al., 2025) shows that depression got worse.
- Bone mineral density at the hip, spine, and femoral neck appeared lower after puberty blocker use, though this finding also carries very low certainty.
- The authors call for methodologically rigorous prospective studies and possibly randomized controlled trials to better understand both short-term and long-term effects of this intervention.
26세 미만 성별 불쾌감을 가진 개인을 위한 성별 확인 호르몬 요법: 체계적 문헌 고찰 및 메타분석(2025)
Anna Miroshnychenko, Sara Ibrahim, Yetiani Roldan, Chan Kulatunga-Moruzi, Steven Montante, Rachel Couban, Gordon Guyatt, Romina Brignardello-Petersen (Archives of Disease in Childhood)
mental healthcohort studypuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewmeta-analysis
이 포괄적인 체계적 문헌 고찰 및 메타분석은 26세 미만 개인을 대상으로 한 성별 확인 호르몬 요법(GAHT)에 대한 24개 연구를 평가했습니다. 이 검토에서는 성별 불쾌감, 전반적 기능 및 우울증과 관련하여 대부분 "매우 낮은 확실성"의 증거를 발견했습니다. 한 연구에서는 우울증 확률이 낮아질 수 있다고(OR 0.73) 제안했지만, 이는 낮은 확실성의 증거로 평가되었습니다. 저자들은 "GAHT의 효과에 대해 상당한 불확실성이 있으며, 이익 또는 해악의 가능성을 배제할 수 없습니다. 더 높은 확실성의 증거를 생성하기 위해서는 방법론적으로 엄격한 전향적 연구가 필요합니다"라고 결론지었습니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39855725/Key Findings
- The evidence for most effects of gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in young people under 26 is very low certainty, meaning we cannot confidently determine benefits or harms.
- Only one study found low certainty evidence that depression may be lower in those who received GAHT compared to those who did not.
- Cardiovascular events were the only outcomes with higher certainty evidence: about 4% of natal females experienced cardiovascular events 7-109 months after GAHT (high certainty), and about 0.2% at 26 months (moderate certainty).
- All 24 included studies had serious methodological limitations, including failure to adjust for important confounders like mental health conditions, missing data, and participants receiving other treatments.
- The authors conclude that better designed prospective studies are urgently needed to understand the true effects of GAHT on gender dysphoria, mental health, bone density, and other outcomes.
Why There Are Exactly Two Sexes(2025)
Colin M. Wright (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
This commentary argues that in anisogamous organisms, the sexes—male and female—are functional classes defined by the type of gamete an individual has the biological function to produce. The paper defends the binary nature of sex against claims that sex exists on a spectrum, examining biological, philosophical, and social dimensions of sex classification.
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03348-3Key Findings
- Sex is defined by gamete type
- There are exactly two sexes in anisogamous organisms
- Intersex conditions do not create additional sexes
- The sex binary is universal across taxa
성별 불쾌감이 있는 미성년자에 대한 호르몬 중재의 유타 보건부 근거 고찰(2025)
Utah Department of Health and Human Services (Utah Department of Health and Human Services)
SEGM 분석은 유타 주 근거 고찰에 상당한 방법론적 결함이 있어 청소년 성별 의학에 대한 근거 기반 정책 결정을 뒷받침할 수 없음을 발견했습니다.
segm.org/utah-evidence-review-analysisKey Findings
- 1,051-page review did not meet basic systematic review criteria
- Omitted mandated analysis of puberty interruption effects
- Excluded infertility from outcomes
- Could not serve as reliable basis for evidence-based decision-making
- Methodological flaws identified by SEGM analysis
영국의 1차 진료를 받는 아동 및 청소년의 성별 불쾌감과 성별 불일치의 역학: 후향적 코호트 연구(2025)
Jarvis et al.
mental healthcohort studydiagnostic trends
영국의 1차 진료 기록에 대한 이 대규모 연구는 2011년부터 2021년 사이에 0-18세 아동 및 청소년 사이에서 기록된 성별 불쾌감/불일치가 50배(5000%) 증가한 것을 발견했습니다. 유병률은 인구 10,000명당 0.16명에서 8.3명으로 증가했으며, 특히 2014년 이후 출생 시 여성으로 등록된 사람들에서 가장 두드러진 증가를 보였습니다. 이 연구는 또한 동반 발생하는 정신 건강 상태의 높은 비율을 발견했는데, 52.7%가 불안, 우울증 또는 자해 기록을 가지고 있었습니다. 의학적 개입은 상대적으로 드물었으며, 4.7%가 사춘기 차단제를, 8.0%가 성호르몬을 처방받았습니다. 저자들은 이 인구 집단을 위한 더 나은 정신 건강 지원의 시급한 필요성을 지적합니다.
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12320607/Key Findings
- A 50-fold increase in recorded diagnoses
- Between 2011 and 2021, the recorded prevalence of gender dysphoria/incongruence in English primary care rose from roughly 1 in 60,000 to about 1 in 1,200 among 17–18 year olds.
- The rise is driven mainly by recorded females
- After 2014, incidence increased far more rapidly in females than males; by 2021, prevalence was approximately twice as high in females, reversing historical patterns.
- Mental health co-conditions are very common
- Over half (52.7%) of affected children and young people had a record of anxiety, depression, or self-harm—substantially higher than matched youth with autism or eating disorders, especially for depression and self-harm.
- Medical hormone treatment remains rare in primary care records
- Only 4.7% received puberty-suppressing hormones and 8.0% received masculinising/feminising hormones, likely reflecting long specialist waiting times and under-recording of treatments initiated elsewhere.
- Strongly age-linked, but not deprivation-linked
- Cases were rarely recorded before age 11 and peaked at ages 17–18; there was no consistent association between prevalence and neighbourhood deprivation levels.
소아 '성별 확인' 치료의 목적은 무엇인가?(2024)
Gorin, M.
mental healthpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewautonomygender-affirming care
헤이스팅스 센터 리포트에 게재된 이 생명윤리학적 분석은 소아 성별 확인 치료에 대한 증거 기반의 정당화에서 "자율성 기반" 논쟁으로의 전환을 비판하며 "구현 목표"를 호소합니다. 저자는 최근의 체계적 검토가 과학적 증거가 불확실하다고 결론지었기 때문에 일부가 건강 개선을 목표로 포기하고 대신 환자의 자율성을 통해 개입을 정당화하고 있다고 주장합니다. 고린은 이러한 자율성 기반의 논쟁이 임상적 의사결정에서 자율성의 위치를 오해하고 결과적으로 환자를 의학적 피해의 위험에 빠뜨린다고 결론지었습니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38842886/Key Findings
- Current U.S. clinical guidelines endorse puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, and surgery for youth gender dysphoria, but international bodies in England, Sweden, and Finland have pulled back after systematic reviews found weak evidence of medical benefits.
- The Dutch protocol—the original research basis for pediatric medical transition—had significant methodological flaws, including no control group, confounded measurement of gender dysphoria, and a population very different from today's patients.
- Some bioethicists argue youth should have a right to transition-related interventions based on 'embodiment goals' and autonomy alone, without requiring evidence of mental health benefits or even a diagnosis.
- The author argues this autonomy-based view contradicts medicine's core principle of nonmaleficence: patient desire for body modification is not sufficient justification for risky medical interventions without evidence of health benefits.
- International discrepancies in treatment guidelines stem partly from different standards of evidence assessment (systematic reviews vs. narrative reviews) and partly from deeper value disagreements about whether medicine's aim is health improvement or fulfilling patient identity goals.
성별 확인 호르몬 치료를寻求하는 사람들의 디트랜지션 유병률: 체계적 문헌 고찰(2024)
Feigerlova, E. (Journal of Sexual Medicine)
이 체계적 문헌 고찰에서는 사용된 측정 기준에 따라 디트랜지션 비율이 약 1-10% 범위인 것으로 나타났지만, 방법론적 한계로 인해 정확한 추정이 어렵습니다. 이 고찰은 더 나은 장기 추적 연구의 필요성을 강조합니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39724926Key Findings
- Detransition rates ranged from 0.8-7.4% for treatment request shifts
- GnRHa discontinuation rates ranged from 1-7.6%
- GAHT discontinuation rates ranged from 1.6-9.8%
- 15 observational studies included with 7,074 participants
- Significant methodological heterogeneity across studies
- Long-term follow-up data is lacking
26세 미만 성별 불쾌감이 있는 개인을 위한 유방절제술: 체계적 문헌 고찰 및 메타분석(2024)
Miroshnychenko, A., Roldán, Y., Ibrahim, S., Kulatunga-Moruzi, C., Dahlin, K., Montante, S., et al. (Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery)
이 SEGM 지원 고찰에서는 성별 불쾌감이 있는 청소년의 유방절제술에 대한 증거가 약하며, 신체적 합병증에 대해서만 높은 확실성의 증거가 있는 것으로 나타났습니다. 심리적 결과에 대한 증거는 매우 낮은 품질입니다.
doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000011734Key Findings
- 39 studies included in the review
- Evidence ranged from high to very low certainty
- High-certainty evidence only for physical complications (death, necrosis, scarring)
- Psychological outcomes lack high-quality evidence
- Case series provided most of the high-certainty evidence
- Prospective cohort studies needed
캐스 검토(2024)
Hilary Cass (The Cass Review)
mental healthtransition outcomespuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaautismsystematic review
영국의 NHS England가 의뢰한 독립적인 체계적 검토로, 18세 미만 청소년을 위한 성 정체성 서비스에 대한 100개 이상의 연구를 평가했습니다. 이는 기존 연구의 방법론적 결함을 강조하며 긍정적 치료 모델에 대한 높은 수준의 비판을 나타냅니다. 사춘기 차단제와 교차 성 호르몬에 대한 증거가 "놀랍도록 약하거나" 저품질이며, 무작위 시험이 부족하고, 골밀도 손실 및 불확실한 정신 건강상의 이점과 같은 위험이 있다고 결론지었습니다.
https://segm.org/Final-Cass-Report-2024-NHS-Response-SummaryKey Findings
- The review emphasizes evidence-based, holistic care for gender-questioning youth rather than a social justice model, calling for individualized assessments that screen for co-occurring conditions like autism and mental health issues.
- The evidence base for medical interventions—particularly puberty blockers and hormones—was found to be weak, prompting recommendations for a full research program and extreme caution, especially for hormones starting at age 16.
- A nominated medical practitioner should take overall clinical responsibility for patient safety, and every case for medical treatment must be reviewed by a national multidisciplinary team.
- Social transition decisions for pre-pubertal children should involve early consultation with experienced clinical professionals, reflecting a more cautious approach than previously standard.
- All children being considered for medical pathways must be offered fertility counseling and preservation before starting treatment.
성별 확정 수술 후 자살 및 자해의 위험(2024)
John J. Straub, Krishna K. Paul, Lauren G. Bothwell, Sterling J. Deshazo, Georgiy Golovko, Michael S. Miller, Dietrich V. Jehle (Cureus)
mental healthcohort studydiagnostic trendstraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriasurgeries
성별 확정 수술 후 자살 및 자해 위험을 조사한 후향적 연구(TriNetX 데이터베이스 활용, 미국 56개 의료기관, 9천만 명 이상 환자). 성별 확정 수술을 받고 응급실 방문이력이 있는 성인 1,501명을 대조군과 비교함. 주요 발견: 수술군은 수술 없는 군 대비 자살 시도 위험이 12.12배 높음(3.47% vs 0.29%);输卵管结扎/정관수술 대조군과 비교해 성향점수 매칭 전 5.03배, 매칭 후 4.71배 높음(3.50% vs 0.74%); 인두염 대조군에서도 결과는 유사함. 연구는 성별 확정 수술을 받은 환자의 자살 위험이 유의하게 증가한다고 결론짓고, 수술 후 종합적인 정신의학적 지원의 필요성을 강조함.
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11063965/Key Findings
- Patients who underwent gender-affirming surgery had a 12.12 times higher risk of suicide attempts compared to general emergency department patients, and a 4.71 times higher risk compared to patients who had tubal ligation or vasectomy procedures.
- The study found significantly elevated risks across all measured outcomes: suicide attempts, death, self-harm, and PTSD—persisting even after propensity matching for age, race, ethnicity, and sex.
- PTSD risk was notably elevated, with a 7.76-fold increase compared to general emergency patients and 3.23-fold increase after matching with surgical controls, suggesting pre-operative trauma and post-operative challenges both play important roles.
- The large-scale retrospective study used real-world data from over 90 million patients across 56 U.S. healthcare organizations over a 20-year period, making it one of the largest studies of its kind.
- The authors emphasize that their findings show association rather than causation, and conclude that comprehensive psychiatric support and mental health care are essential in the years following gender-affirming surgery.
성별 확인 호르몬 치료를 찾는 사람들에서의 디트랜지션 유병률: 체계적 리뷰(2024)
Eva Feigerlova (Journal of Sexual Medicine)
cohort studydetransitionpuberty suppressiongender exploratory therapymedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic review
Journal of Sexual Medicine에 실린 이 체계적 리뷰는 성별 확인 호르몬 치료를 요청하거나 시작한 개인들 사이의 디트랜지션 비율에 대한 기존 연구를 조사했습니다. 리뷰는 문헌에서 중요한 격차를 발견하고 다양한 데이터 세트에서 잠재적인 편향의 원인을 식별했습니다. 저자는 최근의 증거가 성별 확인 절차의 이점을 시사함에도 불구하고, 디트랜지션에 대한 새로운 요구와 후회 보고가 중요한 지식 격차를 나타낸다고 지적합니다. 리뷰는 디트랜지션의 실제 유병률과 그 근본적인 원인을 이해하기 위해 더 나은 장기 추적 연구의 필요성을 강조합니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39724926/Key Findings
- Detransition rates are relatively low: shifts in treatment requests before any medication ranged from 0.8-7.4%, puberty blocker (GnRHa) discontinuation from 1-7.6%, and hormone therapy (GAHT) discontinuation from 1.6-9.8%.
- The 15 included studies were highly heterogeneous and generally low quality—most were retrospective, had insufficient follow-up times, used inconsistent definitions of detransition, and failed to account for confounding factors like social or financial pressures.
- Reasons for stopping treatment varied widely and were not limited to identity changes; they included side effects, financial barriers, social issues, treatment goals being met, and poor compliance, making it difficult to isolate true identity-based detransition.
- There is no standardized definition of detransition across studies, with some counting anyone who stopped identifying as transgender regardless of medical steps taken, while others required actual hormone discontinuation with intent to revert to birth-assigned gender.
- The authors conclude that detransition remains insufficiently studied and call for well-designed long-term prospective research with consistent measurement tools, adequate follow-up, and control for confounding variables to better inform healthcare providers and policymakers.
사춘기 차단제와 노화가 고환 세포 상태와 기능에 미치는 영향(2024)
Murugesh et al
puberty supressioninfertility
사춘기 차단제를 복용하는 소년들의 분석에서 정원 줄기 세포에 지속적인 손상이 나타나며, 이는 중단 후에도 되돌릴 수 없는 불임을 시사합니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38585884/Key Findings
- Widespread use, limited data — 100% of gender dysphoria patients in this pediatric biorepository were on puberty blockers, yet long-term effects on testicular development remain poorly understood.
- Physical atrophy observed — Histology revealed mild-to-severe seminiferous tubule atrophy in PB-treated children, with some patients showing fully atrophied glands and microlithiasis.
- Developmental block at stem cell stage — Single-cell analysis showed >90% of germ cells in PB-treated juveniles were arrested at the spermatogonial stage, failing to progress toward meiosis.
- Machine learning flags "prepubertal" profile — Models trained on normal developmental data classified PB-treated patients as prepubertal across all cell types, suggesting incomplete or absent maturation of the testicular niche.
- Reversibility questioned — The combination of gland atrophy, abnormal cell proportions, and persistently immature gene expression signatures raises concerns about whether complete reproductive recovery is guaranteed after discontinuing puberty blockers.
NICE를 넘어서: 성별 불쾌감이 있는 미성년자에서 사춘기 차단 약물 및 교차 성 호르몬 사용에 대한 현재 증거의 업데이트된 체계적 문헌 고찰(2024)
Zepf, B.D. et al. (Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie)
이 고찰은 미성년자에서 사춘기 차단제와 교차 성 호르몬의 근거 기반이 여전히 매우 약하며 NICE 고찰 이후 새로운 고품질 연구가 없음을 발견했습니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38410090Key Findings
- Zero new puberty blocker studies met PICO criteria post-NICE
- Only 2 low-quality cross-sex hormone studies found
- Current evidence does not suggest GD symptoms improve with PB/CSH
- Evidence base remains methodologically weak
- Insufficient for reliable conclusions about benefits or long-term outcomes
트랜스젠더 청소년의 성별 확인 호르몬 중단에 대한 후향적 코호트 연구(2024)
Boskey, J. et al. (Journal of Adolescent Health)
이 연구는 트랜스젠더 청소년에서 GAH 중단률이 매우 낮으며 대부분이 치료를 계속한다는 것을 발견했습니다. 연구 결과는 중단이 드물며 일반적으로 후회가 아닌 특정한 삶의 변화에 의해 이루어진다는 것을 시사합니다.
jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(24)00554-8/abstractKey Findings
- 93% of adolescents continued GAH
- Only 0.5% reidentified with birth sex
- 1,050 patients at Boston Children's Hospital
- Discontinuation associated with identity change, pregnancy desire, side effects
- Low discontinuation rate suggests treatment satisfaction
아동 및 청소년에서 성별 관련 사회적 전환의 영향: 체계적 문헌 고찰(2024)
Multiple authors (Archives of Disease in Childhood)
이 고찰은 사회적 전환 결과에 대한 증거가 매우 제한적이며 전향적 연구가 없음을 발견했습니다. 일부 증거는 사회적 전환이 아동의 성별 불쾌감 지속성을 증가시킬 수 있음을 시사합니다.
adc.bmj.com/content/109/Suppl_2/s12Key Findings
- 11 low-quality studies included
- No prospective longitudinal studies exist
- No mental health differences found for socially transitioned children
- Mixed evidence for adolescents
- One study found higher GD persistence for socially transitioned children
- Social transition becoming more common prior to assessment
Gender Identity Disorders Among Young People in Germany: Prevalence and Trends, 2013–2022(2024)
Christian J. Bachmann, Yfke Golub, Jörg Holstiege, Falk Hoffmann (Deutsches Ärzteblatt International)
This analysis of nationwide routine insurance data from Germany examined the prevalence of gender identity disorders (ICD-10 codes F64 and F66) among insured persons aged 5–24 years from 2013 to 2022. The study found that prevalence of confirmed F64 diagnoses increased from 22.5/100,000 to 175.7/100,000 (M1Q) and from 15.2/100,000 to 132.6/100,000 (M2Q) over the study period, with the highest prevalence among female adolescents aged 15–19 years.
di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/239563Key Findings
- Prevalence increased from 22.5 to 175.7 per 100,000
- Female adolescents aged 15-19 had highest prevalence
- F64 diagnoses increased 8-fold over the study period
젊은이들의 성별 불쾌감이 증가하고 있습니다—전문가들 간의 의견 불일치도 마찬가지입니다(2023)
Jennifer Block (The BMJ)
diagnostic trendsdetransitionpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewgender-affirming care
이 조사 보고서는 미성년자의 의학적 전환에 대한 국제적 논쟁의 증가를 강조합니다. 미국 의료 기관이 '성별 긍정 치료'를 지지하는 반면, 여러 유럽 국가들(스웨덴, 핀란드, 영국)은 낮은 품질의 증거로 인해 신중할 것을 촉구하고 있습니다. 이 기사는 의학적 합의의 주장에 의문을 제기하며, 청소년의 호르몬 치료에 대한 증거가 '낮은' 또는 '매우 낮은' 품질임을 발견한 체계적 검토를 지적하고 장기적 결과 데이터의 부족을 언급합니다.
https://www.bmj.com/content/380/bmj.p382Key Findings
- Rising numbers of young people with gender dysphoria are seeking medical treatment, yet professional opinions are deeply divided—US medical groups broadly support 'gender-affirming care' while several European countries are restricting medical interventions for minors due to insufficient evidence.
- Major US medical organizations describe gender-affirming treatments as 'evidence-based,' but independent experts found serious methodological flaws in their guidelines, including weak evidence paired with strong recommendations and failure to conduct proper systematic reviews of treatment outcomes.
- Systematic reviews by Sweden, Finland, the UK's NICE, and Florida's health agency all concluded that evidence for puberty blockers, hormones, and surgeries in minors is inconclusive, insufficient, or of very low quality—directly contradicting claims of scientific certainty.
- The number of young people discontinuing hormone treatment may be as high as 20-30% within a few years, and 'detransitioners' are increasingly speaking out about harms from early medical interventions that they say were not truly informed consent.
- Clinical practice has shifted rapidly toward faster medicalization, with some teens receiving hormones within 12 months of their first clinic visit and mental health evaluations being de-emphasized, raising concerns about inadequate assessment of whether gender dysphoria will persist.
디트랜지션은 논란이 아닌 더 깊은 이해가 필요하다(2023)
Kinnon Ross MacKinnon, Pablo Expósito-Campos, W Ariel Gould (BMJ)
mental healthdetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchgender-affirming care
이 논문은 연구자들과 임상의들이 디트랜지션을 간과해 왔기 때문에 충족되지 않은 의료 요구가 발생했다고 주장한다. 저자들은 디트랜지션을 하는 사람들의 다양한 경험을 이해하기 위해 강력하고 정치화되지 않은 연구를 요구하며, 현재 연구는 짧은 추적 기간과 선택 편향에 의해 제한된다고 지적한다. 그들은 디트랜지션을 하는 사람들에 대한 치료 개선이 포괄적인 성별 치료의 필수적인 부분이며, 장기적인 결과에 대한 더 나은 이해를 제공함으로써 궁극적으로 모든 트랜스젠더에게 이익이 될 것이라고 강조한다.
www.bmj.com/content/381/bmj-2022-073584Key Findings
- Detransition is poorly understood due to limited research and stigma, leaving people with unmet healthcare needs and no clinical guidelines for care.
- People who detransition are diverse: many are female, transitioned young, and may re-identify with their birth sex, sexual orientation, or continue identifying as trans.
- Common reasons for detransition include persistent or returning gender dysphoria, health concerns, social discrimination, identity exploration, or unresolved dysphoria despite treatment.
- Research on detransition needs major improvements: longer follow-up periods (5-10 years), using patients' preferred language, and including those lost to follow-up to avoid biased conclusions.
- Trans and detrans people share more similarities than differences; studying detransition benefits all gender-diverse individuals and strengthens comprehensive gender care for everyone.
이전에 트랜스로 자기를 규정했던 젊은 성인들의 전환 중단 및 성별 정체성 포기(2023)
Sasha Ayad, Lisa Marchiano, Kenneth J. Zucker (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthtransition outcomesdetransitiontraumagender dysphoriaqualitative researchrapid-onset gender dysphoria
성별 전환을 중단한 미국 청년 78명(18-33세)을 대상으로 한 설문 연구로, 이들은 최소 6개월 전에 트랜스젠더로 자기 인식을 중단했다. 연구에 따르면 대부분(83%)이 사회적 전환 조치를, 68%는 의학적 전환 조치를 취했다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다: 17% 미만만이 소아기 성별 불일치 DSM-5 기준을 충족했으며, 53%는 급속 발현 성별 불일치가 자신에게 해당된다고 믿었다; 91%는 출생 시 여성이었다; 참가자들은 트랜스 인식 이전에 높은 비율로 정신과 진단을 받았다; 성별 전환 중단 후 자해와 성별 불일치가 크게 감소하면서 심리 건강이 극적으로 개선되었다; 초기 트랜스 인식의 가장 흔한 이유는 정신 건강 문제나 외상 반응을 성별 불일치로 착각한 것이었다; 중단 이유는 외부 압력보다는 내면의 변화에 따른 것이었다. 연구는 일부 개인에게 성별 전환 중단이 가능하고 이롭다는 점을 시사한다.
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10794437/Key Findings
- The vast majority of participants (91%) were natal females, and most reported that their psychological health improved dramatically after detransition, with large decreases in self-harm and gender dysphoria and increases in well-being.
- Fewer than 17% of participants met diagnostic criteria for childhood gender dysphoria, while 53% believed 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria' applied to them—suggesting many developed gender dysphoria suddenly during or after puberty without prior history.
- Participants had very high rates of psychiatric diagnoses (95% had at least one lifetime diagnosis) and self-harm (79%), with most mental health issues predating their transgender identification.
- The most common reason for initial trans-identification was confusing mental health issues or trauma reactions for gender dysphoria; reasons for detransition were primarily internal (own thought processes, realizing causes were more complicated) rather than external pressures like family or discrimination.
- Most participants (68%) had taken medical transition steps including hormones, and 28% had undergone surgery, yet the majority felt inadequately informed about risks and alternatives during the informed consent process.
디트랜지션 비율은 알려지지 않음(2023)
J. Cohn (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
detransitionpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewsurgeriesgender-affirming care
이 논문은 기존 연구의 중대한 결함으로 인해 실제 디트랜지션, 중단 및 후회율이 알려지지 않았다고 주장합니다. 이 논문은 짧은 추적 기간(후회가 표면화되기까지 수년이 걸릴 수 있음), 높은 추적 손실률, 최근 청소년 사례의 급증을 반영하지 않는 샘플 사용과 같은 문제로 널리 인용된 연구를 비판합니다. 저자는 매우 낮은 후회율에 대한 주장이 신뢰할 수 없으며 이러한 불확실성이 정보에 입각한 동의에 중요하다고 결론지었습니다.
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-023-02623-5Key Findings
- The true rates of detransition, regret, and discontinuation of gender-affirming medical interventions are unknown, despite frequent claims that they are very low (0.3-0.6%).
- Existing studies on regret and detransition suffer from serious methodological flaws: too-short follow-up periods, high loss to follow-up, inadequate measurement instruments, and samples that don't represent today's patient population.
- Observed times to regret or detransition are often long—averaging 3-10+ years—meaning studies with short follow-up periods systematically underestimate true rates.
- The current evidence base for medical interventions for gender dysphoria is of 'low' to 'very low' quality, with no randomized controlled trials comparable to those standard in other fields like depression treatment.
- Young people and families considering medical intervention should be informed that reliable data on risks like regret and detransition are unavailable, as this uncertainty is essential for truly informed consent.
가슴 남성화 유방절제술과 성전환 되돌림 후 모유 수유에 대한 슬픔(2023)
Karleen D. Gribble, Susan Bewley, Hannah G. Dahlen (Frontiers in Global Women's Health)
detransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchsurgeriescase report
이 사례 연구는 가슴 남성화 유방절제술을 받은 후 임신을 하고 모유 수유 불가능으로 인한 깊은 슬픔과 심리적 고통을 경험한 성전환 되돌림 여성의 경험을 상세히 설명합니다. 이 보고서는 모유 수유 기능 상실에 대한 충분한 설명과 동의의 부족, 의료 제공자의 이해 부족, 그리고 어머니에게 미치는 정서적 부담을 강조합니다.
www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgwh.2023.1073053/fullKey Findings
- Breastfeeding is rarely discussed in counseling or consent guidelines for chest masculinization mastectomy, despite the procedure often permanently destroying the ability to produce and deliver milk.
- A detransitioned woman experienced intense grief over her inability to breastfeed, compounded by maternity providers who dismissed her distress or misgendered her due to inadequate training on detransition.
- The most common chest masculinization surgical technique—free nipple grafting—almost certainly precludes breastfeeding, yet existing literature falsely claims outcomes cannot be predicted.
- Research on detransition rates and long-term outcomes of chest masculinization surgery is poor quality, with short follow-up periods and high loss to follow-up that may underestimate regret.
- Health providers need individualized, sex-based care for detransitioned women, including emotional support for breastfeeding grief, donor milk access, and avoidance of assumptions about gender identity.
젠더 의학에서의 의인성 피해(2023)
Sarah C. J. Jorgensen (Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy)
mental healthdetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careiatrogenic harm
이 논평은 '성별 긍정 모델'이 의인성 피해를 일으키고 있다고 주장하며, 점점 더 많은 젊은 디트랜지셔너들이 이를 증명하고 있다고 말합니다. 저자는 이 모델이 심리적 평가의 부족, 의학적 위험의 경시, 약한 증거에 의존하는 점을 비판합니다. 디트랜지셔너들을 의료 피해 생존자로 인정할 것을 요구하고, 젊은이들의 성별 전환의 장기적 영향에 대한 공개 토론과 연구를 촉구하며, 많은 유럽 국가들이 이제 더 신중한 접근 방식을 채택하고 있다고 지적합니다.
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0092623X.2023.2224320Key Findings
- Growing numbers of young people are detransitioning and experiencing regret over permanent physical changes, suggesting problems with the current gender-affirming care model.
- Recent studies indicate 10-30% of youth who undergo medical transition discontinue treatment within 1-4 years, yet long-term data is virtually nonexistent.
- Mental health issues, trauma, and neurodiversity are often inadequately explored before transition, with 'minority stress' frequently used to explain away complex psychological conditions.
- Major medical guidelines largely ignore detransitioners, leaving them without clinical guidance, support, or proper care for lasting hormonal and surgical effects.
- Several countries are shifting away from medical transition as first-line treatment for youth after systematic reviews found weak evidence supporting these interventions.
트랜스젠더 및 젠더 다양성 청소년의 성별 관련 의료 요청 변화(2023)
Ariel Cohen, Veronica Gomez-Lobo, Laura Willing, David Call, Lauren F. Damle, Lawrence J. D'Angelo, Amber Song, John F. Strang,
transition outcomespuberty suppressiongender dysphoriaqualitative researchautismgender-affirming caremixed-methods
성별 클리닉에 있는 68명의 청소년(47% 자폐증)을 대상으로 한 이 연구에서 거의 3분의 1(29%)이 의료적 전환 요청을 변경한 것으로 나타났습니다. 변화는 논바이너리 청소년들 사이에서 더 흔했으며 성별 식별 과정의 '드물지 않은' 부분으로 간주되었습니다. 가장 빈번한 패턴은 요청을 철회한 후 나중에 다시 시작하는 것이었습니다.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1054139X22007194Key Findings
- Nearly one-third (29%) of gender-diverse youth in the study shifted their requests for gender-affirming hormones or surgery over time, suggesting such changes are not uncommon during adolescent gender exploration.
- Nonbinary youth were significantly more likely to experience shifts in medical requests compared to binary transgender youth, though no differences were found by age, autism status, or sex assigned at birth.
- The most common pattern (45% of those with shifts) involved youth making a request, withdrawing it, and later re-requesting treatment—indicating that stepping back from medical requests is often temporary rather than final.
- Most shifts (85%) occurred before any treatment began, and only one participant in the entire study expressed regret after starting treatment, consistent with prior research that regret is rare.
- Key reasons for shifts fell into two main themes: ongoing gender discovery (wanting more time, exploring identity) and interpersonal influences (lack of support, coming-out worries, peer pressure), with mental health clinicians playing a valuable role in supporting youth through this non-linear process.
전환을 중단한 청년들의 성별 궤적에 대한 후향적 분석(2023)
Pullen Sansfaçon, A., Gravel, E., Gelly, M., Planchat, T., Paradis, A., Medico, D. (International Journal of Transgender Health)
이 질적 연구는 디트랜지션이 단순한 역행이 아니라 성적 지향과 신체적 불편함을 포함한 여러 요인을 탐색하는 복잡하고 비선형적인 과정임을 밝힙니다.
tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/26895269.2023.2279272Key Findings
- Three main themes identified: nonlinear gender modalities, sexual modalities, coping with dysphoria
- Detransition trajectories are heterogeneous and complex
- Sexual orientation plays a role in gender decisions
- Body discomfort persists for many after detransition
- Social support is important during detransition
스포츠 이점 검토(2022)
Pigozzi et al (BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine)
medical ethicsgender identitysports medicinetestosteronefairnessinclusiontransgender athletesdifferences of sexual development
남성 사춘기의 비가역적 영향으로 인해 트랜스젠더 여성이 호르몬 치료 후에도 근육량, 힘, 헤모글로빈에서 9-31%의 이점을 유지한다는 연구 검토.
www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1117938/ioc-transgender-framework-criticisedKey Findings
- The 2021 IOC framework on gender identity and sex variations is criticized for prioritizing human rights perspectives over medical and scientific evidence, particularly its stance of 'no presumption of advantage' regarding testosterone levels.
- Testosterone is well-established as a performance-enhancing hormone that increases muscle mass and athletic ability, and the authors argue that high testosterone concentrations confer a baseline competitive advantage that must be recognized and mitigated.
- The framework places full responsibility for gender eligibility rules on International Federations (IFs), most of which lack the capacity, resources, and expertise to implement it effectively.
- The authors warn that implementation could lead to two undesirable extremes: either total exclusion of transgender and DSD athletes from competition, or self-identification policies that effectively eliminate meaningful eligibility rules and fair competition.
- The position statement calls for the IOC to provide clear, evidence-based standards for all sports to follow, rather than leaving individual federations to navigate this complex issue alone.
트랜스젠더 환자 관리: 일반 진료 품질 개선 접근법(2022)
Isabel Boyd, Thomas Hackett, Susan Bewley (Healthcare)
cohort studydetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careprimary carequality improvement
영국의 68명의 트랜스젠더 환자를 대상으로 한 1차 진료 감사에서 모니터링을 위한 일관된 국가 지침이 없어 환자의 3분의 2까지 표준 미만의 치료를 받는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 전문 서비스에 대한 긴 대기 시간, 동반 발생하는 정신 건강 상태의 높은 비율, 20%의 호르몬 중단률을 보여주었으며, 중단한 사람 중 절반 이상이 성전환 취소 또는 후회를 언급했다. 저자들은 근거 기반 1차 진료 기준을 요구하고 있다.
www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/121Key Findings
- No UK-wide or international primary care guidelines exist for transgender healthcare, and existing guidance from gender identity clinics is often contradictory, making quality care difficult to deliver.
- Up to two-thirds of transgender patients in the audit did not receive all recommended monitoring standards, largely due to conflicting instructions between different gender identity clinics and international guidelines.
- A significant portion of patients (20%) stopped hormone therapy, with more than half of those citing regret or detransition experiences—raising concerns about current assessment and treatment approaches.
- Patients faced long waits for gender identity clinic appointments (averaging 26 months) and high rates of co-existing mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, self-harm, and autism spectrum disorder.
- The authors call for urgent development of evidence-based, standardized primary care guidelines with measurable quality standards, and recommend this audit approach be replicated nationally to improve understanding of patient outcomes.
트랜스젠더 청소년과 성인 사이의 성별 확인 호르몬의 지속(2022)
Christina M. Roberts, David A. Klein, Terry A. Adirim, Natasha A. Schvey, Elizabeth Hisle-Gorman (The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism)
cohort studytransition outcomesmedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careadolescent
미군 의료 시스템의 952명을 대상으로 한 이 연구는 성전환 호르몬의 지속/중단 비율을 추적했습니다. 약 70%가 최소 4년 동안 호르몬 사용을 계속한 반면, 중단률(중단)은 30%였습니다. 트랜스남성(35.6% 중단)은 트랜스여성(19%)에 비해 상당히 높았습니다. 18세 이후 호르몬을 시작한 성인의 중단률은 35.6%였습니다. 주목할 만하게, 미성년자로 시작한 사람들 중 거의 26%(4명 중 1명)가 치료를 중단했습니다. 이러한 결과는 중단률이 문헌에서 일반적으로 인용되는 것보다 높을 수 있으며 시작 시 성별과 연령에 따른 중요한 차이를 보여줍니다.
academic.oup.com/jcem/article/107/9/e3937/6572526Key Findings
- 70% continuation rate at 4 years — roughly 3 in 10 people stopped filling hormone prescriptions within the study period.
- Transfeminine patients continued at higher rates (81%) than transmasculine patients (64%) — females seeking masculinization were 2.4 times more likely to discontinue.
- Minors had higher continuation (74%) than adults (64%) — those who started before 18 were less likely to stop.
- Socioeconomic factors showed no effect — family income, parental military rank, and whether care was officially covered didn't influence continuation rates.
- The study only tracked prescription refills, not reasons or outcomes — continuation does not indicate satisfaction, and the authors could not determine why people stopped.
디트랜지션 관련 필요와 지원: 횡단면 온라인 설문조사(2022)
Elie Vandenbussche (Journal of Homosexuality)
mental healthdetransitiongender dysphoriaautismgender-affirming carecross-sectional surveysocial support
237명의 디트랜지셔너(92% 여성)를 대상으로 한 이 온라인 설문조사에서는 충족되지 않은 필요가 상당한 것으로 나타났다. 디트랜지션의 주요 이유로는 성별 불쾌감이 다른 문제와 관련되어 있음을 깨달았다는 점(70%), 건강상의 우려(62%), 그리고 트랜지션이 성별 불쾌감 완화에 도움이 되지 않았다는 점(50%)이 꼽혔다. 주요 필요로는 동반 질환과 후회에 대한 심리적 지원, 합병증에 대한 의학적 도움, 그리고 다른 디트랜지셔너들과의 사회적 연결이 포함되었다. 많은 응답자들이 지원 부족, 의료 제공자와의 부정적 경험, 그리고 LGBT 커뮤니티로부터의 배제를 보고했다.
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00918369.2021.1919479Key Findings
- Detransitioners report significant unmet psychological needs, including coping with gender dysphoria, comorbid mental health conditions, feelings of regret, and internalized homophobia or sexism.
- Many detransitioners need medical support for stopping or changing hormone therapy, dealing with surgery complications, and accessing reversal procedures, but often face dismissive or uninformed healthcare providers.
- Social connection with other detransitioners is critical—87% wanted to hear others' stories and 76% wanted direct contact—yet many experience isolation and rejection from LGBT+ communities they previously belonged to.
- A large majority (70%) realized their gender dysphoria was related to other underlying issues, and half found that transition did not alleviate their dysphoria, highlighting the need for alternative treatment approaches.
- Overall support for detransitioners is severely lacking: only 18% felt they received enough support, with many reporting negative experiences with medical systems, mental health professionals, and loss of community ties.
성별 정체성 장애를 가진 남아에 대한 추적 연구(2021)
Devita Singh, Susan J. Bradley, Kenneth J. Zucker (Frontiers in Psychiatry)
cohort studytransition outcomesdetransitiongender dysphoriagender identity disordersexual orientationchildhooddesistancepersistence
이 연구는 성별 불쾌감으로 진료소에 의뢰된 남아 중 가장 큰 표본(n=139)에 대한 추적 데이터를 보고한다. 어린 시절, 남아는 평균 7.49세에 평가되었고 평균 20.58세에 추적되었다. 139명 중 17명(12.2%)은 지속자로, 122명(87.8%)은 중단자로 분류되었다. 데이터는 성 정체성 문제로 진료소에 의뢰된 남아가 높은 중단률과 높은 양성애적/남성애적 성적 지향을 보였음을 보여주었다.
www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.632784/fullKey Findings
- Of 139 boys clinic-referred for gender dysphoria in childhood, only 12.2% (17) persisted with gender dysphoria into adolescence/adulthood, while 87.8% (122) desisted.
- A large majority of boys in the study developed a biphilic/androphilic (same-sex attracted) sexual orientation: 63.6% in fantasy and 47.2% in behavior, with an additional quarter reporting no sexual behaviors.
- Boys who persisted with gender dysphoria tended to be older at childhood assessment, from lower social class backgrounds, and showed more severe gender-variant behavior in childhood compared to desisters.
- The study found no significant difference in persistence rates between boys who met full diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder in childhood (13.6%) versus those who were subthreshold (9.8%).
- The authors note this is the largest follow-up study of its kind and discuss implications for contemporary treatment approaches, particularly the increasing practice of early social gender transition which was rare in their sample.
성별 디트랜지션의 유형학 및 의료 제공자에 대한 함의(2021)
Pablo Expósito-Campos (Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy)
mental healthdetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchautismgender-affirming care
본 연구는 임상의 및 연구자들 사이에서 개념 적용의 불일치를 해결하기 위해 처음으로 체계적인 성별 디트랜지션 유형론을 제안한다. 이 유형론은 전환 관련 중재를 중단한 후 트랜스젠더로 자신을 인식하는 것을 중단하거나 지속하는지에 따라 디트랜지션을 분류한다. 저자는 의료 제공자에게 미치는 영향을 논의하며, 디트랜지셔너를 위한 임상 지침의 필요성을 강조한다. 또한 디트랜지션 예방의 가능성을 탐색하며, 성별 불일치를 겪는 개인을 치료할 때 임상의들이 직면하는 어려움을 강조한다. 디트랜지션은 새로 나타나지만 이해되지 않은 현상으로, 전문적인 의료 지원과 추가 연구가 필요하다고 결론짓는다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33427094/Key Findings
- The paper proposes a new typology distinguishing 'core' detransition (driven by reidentification with birth sex) from 'non-core' detransition (stopping transition while still identifying as transgender due to external pressures or health concerns).
- Healthcare providers should not rely solely on patient self-identification for clinical decisions, as identities can be fluid; comprehensive psychological assessments and differential diagnosis remain essential.
- Clinicians need to provide honest, transparent communication about the benefits, risks, and limitations of gender-affirming treatments to ensure meaningful informed consent.
- Core and non-core detransitioners have different healthcare needs, requiring tailored clinical guidelines—core detransitioners need help coping with dysphoria without medical transition, while non-core detransitioners may need support for discrimination or medical complications.
- Detransition should not be viewed as automatic 'failure' or 'regret'; clinicians must adopt non-judgmental, compassionate approaches with regular long-term follow-ups for all patients.
- Some individuals initially detransition to non-binary identities before fully reidentifying with their birth sex, suggesting non-binary identification can function as a stepping-stone rather than endpoint.
- The paper notes elevated rates of autism spectrum traits among core detransitioners, possibly linked to intense or obsessional interests around gender. This co-occurrence warrants careful clinical screening rather than automatic affirmation.
의학적 및/또는 수술적 전이로 성별 불쾌감을 치료받은 후 전이를 중단한 개인: 100명의 디트랜지셔너 조사(2021)
Lisa Littman (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthdetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriarapid-onset gender dysphoriasurvey
100명의 디트랜지셔너(69% 여성)를 대상으로 한 이 조사에서는 출생 성별에 더 편안함을 느끼게 된 것(60%), 의학적 합병증에 대한 우려(49%), 자신의 디스포리아가 트라우마나 정신 건강 상태와 같은 다른 문제와 관련이 있다는 것을 깨달은 것(38%) 등 디트랜지션의 다양한 이유를 발견했습니다. 특히, 23%는 동성애 혐오 또는 동성에 대한 매력을 받아들이는 어려움을 요인으로 언급했습니다. 대다수(55%)는 전이를 위한 초기 평가가 불충분하다고 느꼈으며, 단 24%만이 자신의 디트랜지션을 임상의에게 알렸습니다.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34665380/Key Findings
- Most detransitioners (69%) were natal females, and the most common reason for detransitioning was becoming more comfortable identifying as their natal sex (60%), not external discrimination.
- A majority (55%) felt they did not receive adequate evaluation from doctors or mental health professionals before starting transition, and nearly half said counseling was overly positive about benefits while downplaying risks.
- Many participants attributed their gender dysphoria to underlying factors such as trauma, mental health conditions (38%), or internalized homophobia (23%), suggesting alternative causes were not fully explored beforehand.
- Social media and online communities played a significant role in encouraging transition, with YouTube videos (48%), blogs (46%), and Tumblr (45%) being major influences; 20% felt socially pressured to transition by friends, partners, or clinicians.
- Only 24% of detransitioners informed their clinicians that they had detransitioned, indicating that official clinic rates likely underestimate the true prevalence of this outcome.
성별 디트랜지션: 사례 연구(2021)
Lisa Marchiano (Journal of Analytical Psychology)
detransitiontraumagender exploratory therapycountertransferencegender dysphoriagender-affirming carecase reportadolescent
디트랜지션을 경험한 젊은 성인 여성의 이 사례 연구는 성 정체성 발달의 복잡성을 강조합니다. 환자는 트라우마, 자폐증 및 정신 건강 동반 질환의 병력이 있었습니다. 저자는 성별 불쾌감을 가진 청소년을 위해 철저한 심리 평가와 신중하고 개별화된 접근의 필요성을 강조하며, 조기 의료화 없이 정체성 탐색을 허용합니다.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-5922.12711Key Findings
- A sharp global rise in adolescents identifying as transgender has been accompanied by increasing numbers of young people detransitioning, particularly natal females.
- The case study of Maya illustrates how gender dysphoria can sometimes reflect unaddressed psychological issues—such as unmetabolized grief, attachment trauma, and family dynamics—rather than a core transgender identity.
- The author critiques the gender affirmative model of care for potentially concretizing distress and foreclosing deeper psychological exploration by immediately affirming a patient's stated gender identity.
- Maya's trans identification served multiple unconscious functions: rejecting her mother, escaping feminine expectations, expressing split-off aggression, and gaining social belonging, while her detransition allowed therapeutic work on these underlying issues.
- The paper argues for psychotherapeutic approaches that maintain symbolic thinking about gender distress and help patients confront bodily and emotional reality, rather than rushing to medical interventions.
영국 국립 성인 성별 정체성 클리닉에서 퇴원한 코호트 간의 치료 접근성 및 디트랜지션 빈도: 후향적 사례 기록 검토(2021)
R. Hall, L. Mitchell, J. Sachdeva (BJPsych Open)
mental healthcohort studydetransitiontraumagender dysphoriagender-affirming careadolescent
Key Findings
- Only 56% of patients completed their planned treatment pathway, with 22% disengaging from care entirely and 19% being re-referred shortly after discharge.
- Hormone therapy was accessed by 94% of those who sought it, but gender reassignment surgery rates were much lower—57% for feminizing and just 26% for masculinizing procedures.
- Four factors were independently linked to worse outcomes: neurodevelopmental disorders, adverse childhood experiences, substance misuse during treatment, and mental health concerns during treatment.
- The detransition rate of 6.9% is notably higher than previously reported UK figures, though the authors note this may still be an underestimate due to limited follow-up time.
- The study raises concerns about implementing streamlined care models uniformly, given the significant heterogeneity and complex needs of patients accessing gender identity services.
디트랜지션 관련 필요와 지원: 횡단면 온라인 설문조사(2021)
Vandenbussche, E. (Journal of Homosexuality)
이 연구는 온라인 디트랜스 커뮤니티의 디트랜지셔너들의 특정 필요와 그 필요가 얼마나 충족되고 있는지 분석합니다. 237명의 남성 및 여성 디트랜지셔너를 대상으로 한 횡단면 온라인 설문조사는 성별 불쾌감, 동반 질환, 후회의 감정, 내면화된 편견과 관련된 중요한 심리적 필요를 밝혀냈습니다. 이 연구는 특히 의료/정신건강 시스템과 LGBT+ 커뮤니티로부터 전반적으로 지원이 크게 부족하다는 것을 발견했습니다.
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00918369.2021.1919479Key Findings
- Surveyed 237 detransitioners from online communities about their specific needs and whether those needs were being met
- 70% reported realizing gender dysphoria was related to other issues; 62% cited health concerns as a reason for detransition
- Major psychological needs identified: gender dysphoria management, comorbid conditions, feelings of regret, and internalized prejudices
- Significant medical needs found: stopping/changing hormone therapy, surgery complications, and reversal interventions
- Respondents reported a major lack of support overall, with negative experiences from medical/mental health systems and the LGBT+ community
현실 점검 – 디트랜지셔너의 증언은 성별 불쾌감을 재고하도록 요구합니다(2020)
Entwistle, K. (Child and Adolescent Mental Health)
버틀러와 허친슨의 (Butler and Hutchinson, 2020) 데시스턴스와 디트랜지션에 대한 경험적 연구를 위한 명확한 요청은 신중한 고려가 필요합니다. 이는 10대와 20대 초반인 많은 디트랜지셔너들의 신흥 집단의 요구를 공식적으로 문서화합니다. 전문 서비스가 부재한 가운데, 일부 디트랜지셔너들은 공개 포럼에서 자신들의 경험을 공유해 왔습니다. 디트랜지셔너들의 일화적 보고는 NHS와 사립 클리닉에서 의료적 개입을 처방받은 사람들에 대한 체계적인 장기 추적 조사가 게슈탈트를 이해하는 데 필수적임을 나타냅니다. 성별 불쾌감에 대한 의료적 개입의 효과성과 필요성에 대한 오정보를 바탕으로 한 의사 결정은 문제이며, 디트랜지셔너들은 성별 불쾌감에 대한 비의료적 개입이 절실히 필요함을 지적합니다. 더 많은 젊은이들이 성별 불쾌감에 대해 불필요한 의료적 개입을 처방받는 것을 방지하기 위해 현재의 상황으로 이끈 정치적 및 조직적 시스템에 대한 분석이 필요합니다.
acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/camh.12380Key Findings
- An emerging cohort of detransitioners, many in their teens and early twenties, needs specialist support services
- Systematic long-term follow-up of those prescribed medical interventions by NHS and private clinics is essential
- Decision-making about medical interventions for gender dysphoria has been based on misinformation about effectiveness and necessity
- Nonmedical interventions for gender dysphoria are sorely needed by detransitioners
- Analysis of political and organisational systems is required to prevent unnecessary medical interventions
- Published as a Debate piece in Child and Adolescent Mental Health
성별 데시스터/디트랜지셔너를 위한 연구와 서비스의 긴급한 필요성(2020)
Butler, C. & Hutchinson, A.
mental healthdetransitiongender dysphoriaadolescentdesistanceclinical implicationsresearch gaps
이 논문은 성별 전환을 중단하거나 되돌리려는 개인의 증가를 강조합니다. 저자들은 이러한 추세에도 불구하고 이 인구에 대한 연구, 임상 지침 및 지원이 크게 부족하다고 주장합니다. 그들은 전환을 위한 광범위한 프로토콜이 존재하는 반면, 되돌아가는 사람들을 위한 프로토콜은 없으며, 이 그룹의 임상 및 연구 필요성에 대한 긴급한 주의를 요구합니다.
acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/camh.12361Key Findings
- Desisters and detransitioners—people who stop or reverse gender transitions—exist but are often overlooked in research and clinical care, with no established protocols to support them.
- Reported desistance rates vary dramatically (from 73% to 98% in children), but current data is unreliable due to changing diagnostic criteria, sampling biases, short follow-up periods, and a rapidly evolving patient population.
- Today's gender clinic patients differ significantly from past cohorts: there are far more adolescents, more assigned-female-at-birth patients, more non-binary individuals, more who have already socially transitioned, and more with co-occurring conditions like autism or mental health issues.
- Common factors associated with desistance include lower intensity gender dysphoria, greater body acceptance, resolution of contributing issues like homophobic bullying or family difficulties, and eventual gay or lesbian identity.
- Clinical care should be non-judgmental, view gender and sexual identity as potentially fluid, address social context and support systems, connect people to peer groups, and ensure access to medical professionals who can help reverse prior interventions when needed.
핵심 연구 수정: "성별 확인" 수술이 정신 건강을 개선한다는 증거 없음(2020)
American Journal of Psychiatry (Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM))
초기 연구는 수술이 정신 건강에 이점이 있다고 주장했지만, 2020년 수정에서는 치료 이용률이나 자살률 감소가 발견되지 않았다.
segm.org/ajp_correction_2020Key Findings
- Original 2019 AJP study claimed gender-affirming surgery reduced mental health treatment utilization by 8% per year
- After reanalysis with a control group, no statistically significant difference in mental health outcomes was found between surgery and no-surgery groups
- The AJP issued a correction in August 2020 stating no advantage of surgery was demonstrated
- Original study failed to include a control group of non-surgical gender dysphoric patients
- Original study did not correct for multiple hypothesis testing
- The study used a cross-sectional design (single year 2015) rather than prospective or randomized design
- Independent statistical review confirmed methodological concerns raised by external researchers
- The original study's conclusion was deemed 'too strong' given the study design limitations
내가 되려고 하는 남자는 내가 아니다(2020)
D'Angelo, R. (International Journal of Psychoanalysis)
이 사례 연구는 전환 후 삶이 악화된 트랜스 남성 '조쉬'의 치료를 자세히 설명합니다. 저자는 기만과 신비화에 뿌리를 둔 치료적 교착 상태를 설명합니다. 이를 통해 치료는 성별을 넘어 과거의 트라우마, 진정성 및 상실과 같은 더 깊은 문제를 해결할 수 있었으며, 이는 전환이 그의 근본적인 문제를 해결하지 못했음을 시사합니다.
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207578.2020.1810049Key Findings
- Clinical case study of a trans man ('Josh') whose life deteriorated after gender transition
- The therapeutic process revealed repetitive enactments involving hiding, deceiving, and mystification
- These enactments constituted a prolonged therapeutic impasse between analyst and patient
- The analyst experienced significant countertransference confusion and anxiety
- Working through the impasse allowed access to a history of violation beneath the gender-structured bind
- The case illustrates complexities of post-transition psychological distress that may not be addressed by transition alone
- Published as a Clinical Communication in the International Journal of Psychoanalysis
젠더 탐구 모델을 향해: 속도를 늦추고, 열어젖히고, 정체성 발달을 탐구하기(2019)
Spiliadis, A. (Metalogos (Systemic Therapy Journal))
이 논문은 "성별 긍정적" 접근법과 대조되는 성별 불편감을 가진 청소년과 함께 작업하기 위한 체계적 발달 프레임워크인 젠더 탐구 모델(GEM)을 소개합니다. 이 모델은 임상 과정을 늦추고, 정체성의 다면적인 성격을 이해할 공간을 열고, 다양한 요인(발달적, 사회적, 심리적)이 젠더 고통에 어떻게 기여할 수 있는지 탐구하는 것을 강조합니다. 스필리아디스는 즉각적인 긍정과 의료화가 중요한 발달 과정을 막을 수 있으며, 확장된 평가를 통해 임상의와 청소년이 젠더 전환이 진정으로 최선의 길인지, 아니면 근본적인 문제가 불편감을 일으키는 것인지 탐구할 수 있다고 주장합니다.
www.researchgate.net/publication/334559847_Towards_a_Gender_Exploratory_Model_slowing_things_down_opening_things_up_and_exploring_identity_developmentKey Findings
- Proposes a Gender Exploratory Model (GEM) as an alternative to both 'affirmative' and 'reparative' approaches to gender questioning youth
- The GEM is grounded in a systemic-developmental framework that embraces uncertainty about developmental trajectories
- Argues clinicians have exploratory responsibilities and should acknowledge their 'unknown unknowns'
- Emphasizes the importance of collaborative exploration of identity before, during, and potentially after medical decision-making
- Repositions therapeutic work within three domains: production, explanation/exploration, and aesthetics
상자의 뚜껑을 열다: 성별 정체성 어려움을 겪는 청소년을 위한 확장된 임상 평가의 가치(2019)
Churcher-Clarke, A. & Spiliadis, A. (Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry)
영국의 GIDS에서 나온 이 사례 검토는 평가 중에 의학적 전환을 결정하지 않은 늦게 시작된 성별 불쾌감을 가진 청소년을 조사합니다. 저자들은 18개월 동안 12건의 사례를 분석하고, 확장된 평가가 그들의 고통에 대한 다른 이해를 가능하게 하여 호르몬 개입을 중단하게 한 방법을 설명하기 위해 두 개의 비네트를 제시합니다.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30722669/Key Findings
- Joint case review of 18 months of caseloads at the Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS)
- 12 young people with adolescent-onset gender dysphoria ceased wishing to pursue medical interventions during assessment
- Some cases arrived at a different understanding of their embodied distress through extended clinical assessment
- 2 detailed case vignettes illustrate the diversity of developmental pathways
- Argues for the value of extended psychosocial assessment before medical intervention decisions
- Addresses the increasing referrals to specialist gender identity clinics and the need to understand diverse outcomes
- Published in Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol 24(2), pp 338-352
급속 발병 성별 불쾌감(ROGD) 연구(2018)
Littman, L. (PLoS ONE)
이 연구는 256건의 부모 보고서를 바탕으로, 동료 그룹과 온라인 커뮤니티를 통한 사회적 전염이 갑작스러운 청소년기 발병 증상을 유발할 수 있으며, 단념을 방해하는 긍정적인 환경에 의해 증폭될 수 있다고 제안합니다.[5] 리트먼을 포함한 긍정의 비평가들은, 일시적인 고통을 고정된 정체성으로 검증함으로써 해악의 피드백 루프를 생성할 수 있으며, 경계 대기 집단에서 관찰된 자연적인 해결률을 감소시킬 수 있다고 주장합니다.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0202330Key Findings
- 256 parent-completed surveys met study eligibility criteria for rapid-onset gender dysphoria
- AYA children were predominantly natal female (82.8%) with mean age of 16.4 years
- 62.5% of AYAs had been diagnosed with at least one mental health disorder or neurodevelopmental disability prior to gender dysphoria onset
- In 36.8% of friendship groups, the majority of members became transgender-identified during a similar timeframe
- 47.2% of parents reported subjective declines in their child's mental health since 'coming out'
- 57.3% of parents reported declines in parent-child relationships since the AYA 'came out'
- 86.7% of parents reported their child had increased social media/internet use, belonged to a peer group with multiple newly trans-identified members, or both
- 49.4% of AYAs tried to isolate themselves from their families
- 46.6% of AYAs only trusted information about gender dysphoria from transgender sources
- Rapid presentations of adolescent-onset gender dysphoria in clusters of pre-existing friend groups are not consistent with current knowledge about gender dysphoria
일시적인 정체성: 트랜스젠더 정체성에 대한 몇 가지 정신분석적 성찰(2018)
Lemma, A. (The International Journal of Psychoanalysis)
이 논문은 '트랜스젠더' 정체성이 일부 젊은이들에 의해 조기에 받아들여질 수 있으며, 그 개인적인 의미를 이해하는 데 필요한 심리적 작업을 방해할 수 있다고 주장합니다. 저자인 정신분석학자는 그러한 질문을 병리화로 볼 수 있는 문화에서 트랜스젠더 정체성의 '왜'를 탐구하는 도전과 호기심과 회의를 피하는 것 사이의 균형을 맞추는 필요성에 대해 논의합니다.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33951791/Key Findings
- Argues that the 'trans' identity label encompasses a complex range of internal psychic positions beyond consciously stated preferences
- Explores cases where premature embrace of transgender identification may undermine the painful psychic work needed to understand what being transgender means for a given young person
- Highlights the difficulty clinicians face when asking 'why transgender' is perceived as pathologizing in external culture
- Advocates for 'equidistant curiosity' about meaning and function as core to an analytic approach
- Warns against both using psychoanalysis as a conversion tool and against silencing exploratory dialogue
트랜스 아이들은 어른이 되어도 트랜스로 남아 있나요?(2016)
Cantor, J.M. (Sexology Today!)
이 기사는 성별 불쾌감을 표현하는 아이들이 성인이 되어서도 트랜스젠더로 자아를 인식하는지 여부를 조사한 세 가지 대규모 후속 연구를 검토합니다. 저자는 아주 작은 비율만 지속되며, 트랜스로 인식된 아이들 중 약 60-90%가 성인이 되면 더 이상 트랜스로 인식하지 않고 대신 일반적으로 게이나 레즈비언으로 인식한다고 결론지었습니다.
www.sexologytoday.org/2016/01/do-trans-kids-stay-trans-when-they-grow_99.htmlKey Findings
- Reviews 12 follow-up studies of gender-dysphoric children into adulthood spanning multiple countries and decades
- Finds that approximately 60–90% of children referred to gender identity clinics no longer identify as transgender by adulthood
- Notes that desisters generally grow up to be gay or lesbian rather than heterosexual
- Emphasizes that a substantial minority do persist and deserve appropriate support
- Argues that neither desistance nor persistence can be taken for granted, requiring careful individual assessment
아동기 성별 불쾌감의 중단과 지속에 관련된 요인: 정량적 추적 연구(2013)
Steensma et al. (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)
이 연구는 12세 이전에 의뢰된 127명의 어린이를 추적했으며, 초기 성별 불쾌감의 강도와 사회적 전환과 같은 요인이 지속에 영향을 미쳤으며, 성 정체성에 고유한 것으로 확인되기보다는 불안과 같은 동반 질환이 치료되었을 때 약 70%가 사춘기 이후에 중단하는 것으로 나타났습니다.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23702447/Key Findings
- Intensity of gender dysphoria in childhood is the strongest predictor of persistence into adolescence
- Natal girls have a higher probability of persistence than natal boys
- Psychological functioning and quality of peer relations do not predict persistence of childhood GD
- Cognitive and affective cross-gender identification and social role transition are associated with persistence
- Predictive factors for persistence differ between natal boys and girls
- Persisters report higher gender dysphoria intensity, more body dissatisfaction, and higher same-sex sexual orientation compared to desisters
- Childhood social transitions were important predictors of persistence, especially among natal boys
- Explicitly asking children with GD which sex they identify with is valuable in predicting future outcome
스웨덴 코호트 연구(2011)
Dhejne et al. (PLOS ONE)
성전환 수술 후 324명의 장기 추적 조사(최대 30년), 일반 인구보다 자살 사망률이 19.1배 높고 정신과적 이환율 감소는 없음.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0016885Key Findings
- First nationwide population-based long-term follow-up of sex-reassigned transsexual persons
- 324 sex-reassigned persons compared with random population controls matched by age and gender
- Overall mortality nearly 3 times higher than controls (aHR 2.8)
- Suicide mortality approximately 19 times higher than controls (aHR 19.1)
- Risk of suicide attempts nearly 5 times higher (aHR 4.9)
- Risk of psychiatric hospitalization nearly 3 times higher (aHR 2.8)
- Female-to-males had higher criminal conviction risk than birth sex controls
- Survival divergence from controls became apparent approximately 10 years post-reassignment
- Study design does not address whether sex reassignment is an effective treatment
성전환 수술을 받은 트랜스섹슈얼의 장기 추적 조사: 스웨덴 코호트 연구(2003)
Dhejne et al (PLOS ONE)
이 연구는 전환 후에도 지속되는 신체적 건강 위험을 강조하며, 이는 크로스-섹스 호르몬 사용과 관련이 있습니다. 수술 후 트랜스젠더 개인을 추적한 결과, 일반 인구에 비해 전체 사망률(예: 심혈관 질환으로 인한)이 2-3배 더 높은 것으로 보고되었습니다.
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3043071/Key Findings
- All 324 sex-reassigned persons in Sweden 1973-2003 were included (191 male-to-females, 133 female-to-males)
- Overall mortality was nearly 3 times higher for sex-reassigned persons than for controls of the same birth sex
- Death from suicide was approximately 19 times higher in sex-reassigned persons compared to controls
- Risk of suicide attempts was nearly 5 times higher after sex reassignment
- Risk of psychiatric inpatient care was nearly 3 times higher after sex reassignment
- Female-to-males had higher risk for criminal convictions than birth sex controls; male-to-females did not
- Survival curves suggest mortality divergence began approximately 10 years after sex reassignment
- Sex reassignment alleviates gender dysphoria but does not address elevated rates of morbidity and mortality