学术研究与调查

去过渡研究是一个新兴领域。过去十年间,性别焦虑诊断数量迅速上升——尤其在青春期少女中——导致去过渡者群体不断增长,但由于随访流失率高、意识形态分歧以及方法论局限,数据收集仍然充满挑战。

性别转换后精神需求增加

1996-2019年芬兰接触专门性别认同服务的青少年和年轻成人的精神疾病发病率:一项登记研究(2026)

Ruuska et al.

mental healthcohort studytransition outcomesdiagnostic trends

芬兰全国性队列研究,对2,083名23岁以下的性别转介个体(1996-2019年)与16,643名匹配对照进行比较。性别转介青少年在转介前(45.7% vs. 15.0%)和转介后≥2年(61.7% vs. 14.6%)的精神疾病发病率均显著高于对照组。2010年后转介者的精神需求高于早期队列。在接受医学性别重置的青少年中,随访期间精神疾病发病率显著上升——女性化性别重置从9.8%上升至60.7%,男性化性别重置从21.6%上升至54.5%。在调整既往精神科治疗后,所有性别转介青少年的精神疾病风险均同样升高,风险比约为女性对照组的三倍、男性对照组的五倍。结论认为,性别转介青少年中重度精神疾病很常见,在近期转介激增后转介者中更为普遍,且医学性别重置后精神需求不会消退。

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.70533

Key Findings

  • Far higher psychiatric morbidity: Gender-referred adolescents were about three times more likely to have received specialist psychiatric treatment before referral compared to matched controls, and this gap widened after referral.
  • Post-2010 surge linked to greater needs: Youth referred after 2010 showed roughly double the pre-referral psychiatric morbidity of the earlier cohort, suggesting increasingly complex cases.
  • Psychiatric needs increased after medical transition: Among those who underwent medical gender reassignment, the proportion needing specialist psychiatric care rose sharply during follow-up—especially among those receiving feminising treatment (from ~10% to ~61%).
  • Risk remains elevated even after accounting for prior mental health: After adjusting for pre-existing psychiatric treatment, all gender-referred groups still had a 3- to 5-fold higher risk of severe psychiatric morbidity than controls, regardless of whether they underwent medical transition.
  • Clinical takeaway: The findings emphasize the need for thorough psychiatric evaluation and continuous mental health support before, during, and after any medical gender reassignment, as psychiatric needs often persist or worsen rather than resolve.

18人在睾酮治疗后停止性别转换:挪威研究显示22%未经医疗干预退出治疗

挪威国家性别不一致中心转诊儿童和青少年的治疗轨迹(2025)

Cecilie Bjertness Nyquist, Leila Torgersen, Linda W. David, Trond Haaken Diseth, Kjersti Gulbrandsen, Anne Waehre (Acta Paediatrica)

cohort studytransition outcomesdetransitionpuberty suppression

这项挪威队列研究对1,258名转诊至国家性别不一致中心的青少年进行了调查,发现22%的人在未经性别确认医疗治疗的情况下出院。在开始使用睾酮的人中,有18名女性停止了性别转换(11人因停止跨性别身份)。该研究强调了从青春期阻滞剂到激素的高持续率(97%),引发了对管道效应的担忧,并强调了鉴于包括停止性别转换在内的各种治疗轨迹,需要进行长期随访。

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39648282/

Key Findings

  • Among 1,258 children and adolescents referred to Norway's national gender clinic from 2000-2020, 62% started gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) and 11% received puberty blockers (GnRHa).
  • Nearly all (97%) of those who received puberty blockers went on to hormone treatment, raising questions about whether blockers allow for meaningful exploration of gender identity.
  • Eighteen individuals assigned female at birth (2.3% of those on GAHT) detransitioned after testosterone treatment, with most ceasing to identify as transgender entirely.
  • Because of loss to follow-up and incomplete external treatment data, the authors acknowledge their detransition figure (2.3% of those who started GAHT) may be too low. They cite a Finnish nationwide register study finding a 7.9% discontinuation rate to support the concern that their number is probably an underestimate.
  • About 22% of those who attended at least one appointment were discharged without any medical treatment, most commonly due to mental health concerns.
  • The study highlights significant shifts in Norwegian clinical practice over time, with declining use of puberty blockers in recent years amid growing international scrutiny of evidence for these treatments.

英国青少年性别不安/不一致现象增加50倍(2011-2021年)

英格兰初级保健机构就诊儿童和青少年性别不安和性别不一致的流行病学:回顾性队列研究(2025)

Jarvis et al.

mental healthcohort studydiagnostic trends

这项对英格兰初级保健记录的大规模研究发现,2011年至2021年间,0-18岁儿童和青少年中记录的性别不安/不一致现象增加了50倍(5000%)。患病率从每万人0.16例上升到8.3例,其中2014年后出生登记为女性的群体增长最为显著。研究还发现高比例共病心理健康问题——52.7%有焦虑、抑郁或自残记录。医疗干预相对较少,4.7%被开具青春期阻滞剂,8.0%被开具跨性别激素。作者指出迫切需要为这一人群提供更好的心理健康支持。

pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12320607/

Key Findings

  • A 50-fold increase in recorded diagnoses
  • Between 2011 and 2021, the recorded prevalence of gender dysphoria/incongruence in English primary care rose from roughly 1 in 60,000 to about 1 in 1,200 among 17–18 year olds.
  • The rise is driven mainly by recorded females
  • After 2014, incidence increased far more rapidly in females than males; by 2021, prevalence was approximately twice as high in females, reversing historical patterns.
  • Mental health co-conditions are very common
  • Over half (52.7%) of affected children and young people had a record of anxiety, depression, or self-harm—substantially higher than matched youth with autism or eating disorders, especially for depression and self-harm.
  • Medical hormone treatment remains rare in primary care records
  • Only 4.7% received puberty-suppressing hormones and 8.0% received masculinising/feminising hormones, likely reflecting long specialist waiting times and under-recording of treatments initiated elsewhere.
  • Strongly age-linked, but not deprivation-linked
  • Cases were rarely recorded before age 11 and peaked at ages 17–18; there was no consistent association between prevalence and neighbourhood deprivation levels.

'相当大的不确定性': 系统评价未发现青春期阻滞剂益处的可靠证据

青春期阻滞剂治疗青少年性别不安: 系统评价和荟萃分析(2025)

Anna Miroshnychenko, Yetiani Roldan, Sara Ibrahim, Chan Kulatunga-Moruzi, Steven Montante, Rachel Couban, Gordon Guyatt, Romina Brignardello-Petersen (Archives of Disease in Childhood)

mental healthcohort studypuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoria

这项来自《儿童疾病档案》的系统评价和荟萃分析研究了10项关于青春期阻滞剂治疗青少年性别不安的研究。作者发现"关于青春期阻滞剂效果的相当大的不确定性",对于包括整体功能、抑郁和骨密度在内的结果,仅有"非常低确定性"的证据。比较观察性研究提供了非常低确定性的证据,前后研究也显示出非常低的确定性。作者得出结论,"在自信推荐这些干预措施之前,需要进行方法学上严格的前瞻性研究"。

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39855724/

Key Findings

  • The evidence for puberty blockers' effects on youth with gender dysphoria is mostly 'very low certainty' across all measured outcomes, meaning we cannot reliably conclude whether they help or harm.
  • Only 10 studies met inclusion criteria, with no randomized controlled trials found; most studies had serious methodological flaws like missing data and lack of proper comparison groups.
  • Potential mental health benefits (improved global function, reduced depression and gender dysphoria) were suggested but remain highly uncertain due to weak study designs. Another study (Olson-Kennedy et al., 2025) shows that depression got worse.
  • Bone mineral density at the hip, spine, and femoral neck appeared lower after puberty blocker use, though this finding also carries very low certainty.
  • The authors call for methodologically rigorous prospective studies and possibly randomized controlled trials to better understand both short-term and long-term effects of this intervention.

极低确定性证据:主要综述质疑跨性别激素的心理健康益处

针对26岁以下性别不安个体的性别肯定激素治疗:系统评价和荟萃分析(2025)

Anna Miroshnychenko, Sara Ibrahim, Yetiani Roldan, Chan Kulatunga-Moruzi, Steven Montante, Rachel Couban, Gordon Guyatt, Romina Brignardello-Petersen (Archives of Disease in Childhood)

mental healthcohort studypuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewmeta-analysis

这项全面的系统评价和荟萃分析评估了24项关于26岁以下个体的性别肯定激素治疗(GAHT)的研究。评价发现关于性别不安、整体功能和抑郁的证据大多为"极低确定性"。虽然一项研究表明抑郁几率较低(OR 0.73),但这被评定为低确定性证据。作者总结道:"GAHT的效果存在相当大的不确定性,我们不能排除有益或有害的可能性。需要方法学上严格的前瞻性研究来产生更高确定性的证据。"

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39855725/

Key Findings

  • The evidence for most effects of gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in young people under 26 is very low certainty, meaning we cannot confidently determine benefits or harms.
  • Only one study found low certainty evidence that depression may be lower in those who received GAHT compared to those who did not.
  • Cardiovascular events were the only outcomes with higher certainty evidence: about 4% of natal females experienced cardiovascular events 7-109 months after GAHT (high certainty), and about 0.2% at 26 months (moderate certainty).
  • All 24 included studies had serious methodological limitations, including failure to adjust for important confounders like mental health conditions, missing data, and participants receiving other treatments.
  • The authors conclude that better designed prospective studies are urgently needed to understand the true effects of GAHT on gender dysphoria, mental health, bone density, and other outcomes.

'我们想知道吗?' 精神分析学家揭露薄弱证据并呼吁在医疗化前进行探索

我们想知道吗?(2025)

D'Angelo, R. (The International Journal of Psychoanalysis)

detransitiontraumagender exploratory therapycountertransferencemedical ethics

本文认为,青少年性别肯定干预的薄弱证据基础和深远影响需要敏感的精神分析探索。它批评了社会政治趋势如何将年轻人寻求医疗转型的深层探索框架为“禁区”或转换疗法。作者指出,政治驱动的临床医生歪曲了那些探索跨性别认同意义的人,最小化了薄弱的证据基础和严重风险,同时掩盖了性别不安下的心理痛苦。

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39327914/

Key Findings

  • Trauma can hide behind a fixed trans narrative. In the case of Elly, a history of maternal abuse and emotional neglect only emerged after 18 months of analytic work, revealing her gender dysphoria was deeply entangled with unprocessed psychic pain that brief clinic assessments would never have uncovered.
  • The medical evidence base is shaky. Systematic reviews from the UK (Cass Review), Sweden, Finland and Germany consistently find that evidence for the benefits of puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones in youth is of very low quality, while serious physical harms—including cardiovascular risks and infertility—are well established.
  • There is a "prohibition on knowing" at every level. Patients like Elly fiercely defend against exploration of their gendered experience, and this individual resistance is reinforced by a socio-political climate that frames any questioning of trans identity as transphobic or a form of conversion therapy.
  • Advocacy within psychoanalysis is misrepresenting exploratory work. Prominent analysts who promote medical affirmation are, in D'Angelo's view, distorting the intent of clinicians who ask "why," erasing the suffering of detransitioners, and abandoning the analytic mandate to understand unconscious meaning.
  • The profession may be over-correcting for its past. The analytic community's defensive rush to affirm medical transition may be driven by unconscious guilt over its history of pathologising homosexuality, coupled with clinicians avoiding the dread and helplessness that arise when sitting with a young person pursuing irreversible body modification.

脱跨女性报告未满足的需求:医疗过渡未能解决性别不安

出生时登记为女性的成年人的叙述:他们开始了医疗过渡,后来又脱跨(2025)

Jane Lomax, Catherine Butler (Archives of Sexual Behavior)

mental healthdetransitionnarrative analysisgender dysphoriaqualitative researchautism

一项针对六名英国女性(年龄21-32岁)的定性研究,她们在医疗干预后脱跨。出现了四个叙事主题:医疗过渡在解决性别不安方面的局限性、关于睾酮的长期健康问题、作为男性生活的社会挑战以及脱跨作为一个持续的过程。参与者报告了未满足的支持需求,并强调了关于过渡结果的现实期望的重要性。

link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03083-9#ref-CR61

Key Findings

  • Medical transition had limits: Participants found that hormones and surgery did not fully resolve their gender dysphoria or underlying mental health struggles, with some experiencing intensified distress or 'reverse dysphoria' after physical changes.
  • Long-term health concerns drove decisions: Anxiety about unknown long-term effects of testosterone on female bodies—such as cardiovascular risks, uterine atrophy, and infertility—contributed to detransition, with participants feeling inadequately informed beforehand.
  • Social belonging shifted over time: Many discovered they felt more authentic connecting with women and lesbian communities rather than living as men, with some realizing narrow stereotypes of womanhood had influenced their initial decision to transition.
  • Detransition is complex and ongoing: The process involved grief, guilt, and practical challenges like navigating a masculinized appearance, with most finding alternative ways to manage distress rather than through medical intervention.
  • Support systems are largely inadequate: Participants reported unmet needs from healthcare providers and therapists, often turning to online detransition communities for information, practical guidance, and emotional support instead.

童年创伤,而非真正的性别不安:芬兰的跨性别回归者揭示转变的真正原因

成人性别不安与跨性别回归:对芬兰一家性别认同诊所九名患者的分析(2025)

Kaisa Kettula, Niina Puustinen, Lotta Tynkkynen, Liisa Lempinen, Katinka Tuisku (Archives of Sexual Behavior)

mental healthcohort studydetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoria

这项芬兰研究对九名跨性别回归者(7名女性,2名男性)进行了调查,发现所有人都报告称,他们最初的转变并非由真正的跨性别身份驱动,而是由未解决的心理压力因素驱动,包括童年创伤、性虐待、饮食失调和边缘型人格症状。所有七名女性都有'重大'后悔,平均后悔时间为7年。回顾性分析显示,患者认为转变的需求源于成熟挑战和依恋问题,而非性别不安。该研究强调了在医疗干预前进行彻底心理评估的至关重要性。

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40394447/

Key Findings

  • This study of nine Finnish adults who detransitioned found that most (seven of nine) experienced 'major regret' and sought to reverse their gender-affirming treatments, with an average of seven years passing before regret emerged.
  • The detransitioners had very high rates of psychiatric conditions, including mood disorders (89%), anxiety disorders (78%), borderline personality disorder (56%), eating disorders or symptoms (78%), and childhood trauma or sexual abuse affecting nearly all patients.
  • Patients retrospectively reported that their original desire to transition stemmed not from true transgender identity, but from factors like trauma, misogyny, dissociative disorders, difficult life circumstances, or confusion about sexuality.
  • The clinic made several practice changes in response, including removing referral requirements for detransitioners, increasing psychiatric collaboration, offering psychotherapy, and emphasizing professional neutrality rather than affirmation.
  • The authors stress that thorough psychological evaluation—especially for trauma, dissociation, and attachment issues—should precede irreversible interventions to reduce adverse outcomes.

梅奥诊所研究:青春期阻滞剂导致性别焦虑症男孩睾丸萎缩和潜在不可逆不育

青春期阻滞剂和衰老对睾丸细胞状态和功能的影响(2024)

Murugesh et al

puberty supressioninfertility

对服用青春期阻滞剂的男孩的分析显示,精原干细胞持续受损,表明即使停药后也可能出现不可逆不育。

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38585884/

Key Findings

  • Widespread use, limited data — 100% of gender dysphoria patients in this pediatric biorepository were on puberty blockers, yet long-term effects on testicular development remain poorly understood.
  • Physical atrophy observed — Histology revealed mild-to-severe seminiferous tubule atrophy in PB-treated children, with some patients showing fully atrophied glands and microlithiasis.
  • Developmental block at stem cell stage — Single-cell analysis showed >90% of germ cells in PB-treated juveniles were arrested at the spermatogonial stage, failing to progress toward meiosis.
  • Machine learning flags "prepubertal" profile — Models trained on normal developmental data classified PB-treated patients as prepubertal across all cell types, suggesting incomplete or absent maturation of the testicular niche.
  • Reversibility questioned — The combination of gland atrophy, abnormal cell proportions, and persistently immature gene expression signatures raises concerns about whether complete reproductive recovery is guaranteed after discontinuing puberty blockers.

接受性别肯定手术后自杀风险增加4–12倍

性别肯定手术后自杀和自残的风险(2024)

John J. Straub, Krishna K. Paul, Lauren G. Bothwell, Sterling J. Deshazo, Georgiy Golovko, Michael S. Miller, Dietrich V. Jehle (Cureus)

mental healthcohort studydiagnostic trendstraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriasurgeries

一项利用TriNetX数据库(覆盖美国56家医疗机构、超过9000万患者)的回顾性研究,评估了性别肯定手术后自杀与自残风险。研究比较了1501名接受性别肯定手术并曾急诊就诊的成年人与对照组。主要发现:接受手术者的自杀未遂风险为无手术者的12.12倍(3.47% vs 0.29%);与输卵管结扎/输精管结扎对照组相比,倾向评分匹配前风险高5.03倍,匹配后高4.71倍(3.50% vs 0.74%);使用咽炎对照组时结果一致。研究结论:接受性别肯定手术的患者自杀风险显著升高,强调术后需全面精神支持。

pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11063965/

Key Findings

  • Patients who underwent gender-affirming surgery had a 12.12 times higher risk of suicide attempts compared to general emergency department patients, and a 4.71 times higher risk compared to patients who had tubal ligation or vasectomy procedures.
  • The study found significantly elevated risks across all measured outcomes: suicide attempts, death, self-harm, and PTSD—persisting even after propensity matching for age, race, ethnicity, and sex.
  • PTSD risk was notably elevated, with a 7.76-fold increase compared to general emergency patients and 3.23-fold increase after matching with surgical controls, suggesting pre-operative trauma and post-operative challenges both play important roles.
  • The large-scale retrospective study used real-world data from over 90 million patients across 56 U.S. healthcare organizations over a 20-year period, making it one of the largest studies of its kind.
  • The authors emphasize that their findings show association rather than causation, and conclude that comprehensive psychiatric support and mental health care are essential in the years following gender-affirming surgery.

NHS里程碑式审查:青春期阻滞剂证据'异常薄弱'—结束英格兰性别肯定护理模式

卡斯审查(2024)

Hilary Cass (The Cass Review)

mental healthtransition outcomespuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaautismsystematic review

由英国NHS England委托的一项独立系统评价,评估了100多项关于18岁以下青少年性别认同服务的研究。它代表了对肯定护理模式的高水平批评,强调了现有研究中的方法论缺陷。结论是,青春期阻滞剂和跨性别激素的证据"异常薄弱"或质量低下,缺乏随机试验,存在骨密度损失和不确定的心理健康益处等风险。

https://segm.org/Final-Cass-Report-2024-NHS-Response-Summary

Key Findings

  • The review emphasizes evidence-based, holistic care for gender-questioning youth rather than a social justice model, calling for individualized assessments that screen for co-occurring conditions like autism and mental health issues.
  • The evidence base for medical interventions—particularly puberty blockers and hormones—was found to be weak, prompting recommendations for a full research program and extreme caution, especially for hormones starting at age 16.
  • A nominated medical practitioner should take overall clinical responsibility for patient safety, and every case for medical treatment must be reviewed by a national multidisciplinary team.
  • Social transition decisions for pre-pubertal children should involve early consultation with experienced clinical professionals, reflecting a more cautious approach than previously standard.
  • All children being considered for medical pathways must be offered fertility counseling and preservation before starting treatment.

未知的逆转率:系统综述揭示长期数据中的关键差距

寻求性别肯定激素治疗者中逆转的普遍性:系统综述(2024)

Eva Feigerlova (Journal of Sexual Medicine)

cohort studydetransitionpuberty suppressiongender exploratory therapymedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic review

这篇发表在《性医学杂志》上的系统综述研究了在请求或开始性别肯定激素治疗的个体中逆转率的现有研究。综述发现文献中存在显著差距,并识别了不同数据集中的潜在偏差来源。作者指出,尽管最近的证据表明性别肯定程序的好处,但对逆转的新兴需求和后悔报告表明存在关键的知识差距。综述强调需要更好的长期随访研究,以了解逆转的真正普遍性及其根本原因。

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39724926/

Key Findings

  • Detransition rates are relatively low: shifts in treatment requests before any medication ranged from 0.8-7.4%, puberty blocker (GnRHa) discontinuation from 1-7.6%, and hormone therapy (GAHT) discontinuation from 1.6-9.8%.
  • The 15 included studies were highly heterogeneous and generally low quality—most were retrospective, had insufficient follow-up times, used inconsistent definitions of detransition, and failed to account for confounding factors like social or financial pressures.
  • Reasons for stopping treatment varied widely and were not limited to identity changes; they included side effects, financial barriers, social issues, treatment goals being met, and poor compliance, making it difficult to isolate true identity-based detransition.
  • There is no standardized definition of detransition across studies, with some counting anyone who stopped identifying as transgender regardless of medical steps taken, while others required actual hormone discontinuation with intent to revert to birth-assigned gender.
  • The authors conclude that detransition remains insufficiently studied and call for well-designed long-term prospective research with consistent measurement tools, adequate follow-up, and control for confounding variables to better inform healthcare providers and policymakers.

生物伦理学家警告:基于“自主性”的儿科性别医学理由使患者面临风险

儿科“性别肯定”护理的目的是什么?(2024)

Gorin, M.

mental healthpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewautonomygender-affirming care

发表在《黑斯廷斯中心报告》上的这篇生物伦理分析批评了从基于证据的儿科性别肯定护理的正当性转向基于“自主性”的论点,这些论点诉诸于“体现目标”。作者认为,最近的系统评价得出结论,科学证据不确定,导致一些人放弃将健康改善作为目标,而是通过患者自主性来证明干预措施的合理性。戈林总结说,这些基于自主性的论点误解了自主性在临床决策中的地位,从而使患者面临医疗伤害的风险。

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38842886/

Key Findings

  • Current U.S. clinical guidelines endorse puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, and surgery for youth gender dysphoria, but international bodies in England, Sweden, and Finland have pulled back after systematic reviews found weak evidence of medical benefits.
  • The Dutch protocol—the original research basis for pediatric medical transition—had significant methodological flaws, including no control group, confounded measurement of gender dysphoria, and a population very different from today's patients.
  • Some bioethicists argue youth should have a right to transition-related interventions based on 'embodiment goals' and autonomy alone, without requiring evidence of mental health benefits or even a diagnosis.
  • The author argues this autonomy-based view contradicts medicine's core principle of nonmaleficence: patient desire for body modification is not sufficient justification for risky medical interventions without evidence of health benefits.
  • International discrepancies in treatment guidelines stem partly from different standards of evidence assessment (systematic reviews vs. narrative reviews) and partly from deeper value disagreements about whether medicine's aim is health improvement or fulfilling patient identity goals.

'低后悔'的说法被揭露为有缺陷—真正的去过渡率仍然未知

去过渡率未知(2023)

J. Cohn (Archives of Sexual Behavior)

detransitionpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewsurgeriesgender-affirming care

本文认为,由于现有研究存在重大缺陷,实际的去过渡率、中止率和后悔率尚不清楚。它批评了广泛引用的研究,因为这些问题包括短期随访期(因为后悔可能需要数年才能显现)、高失访率以及使用的样本未能反映最近青少年病例的激增。作者得出结论,关于非常低后悔率的说法不可靠,这种不确定性对于知情同意至关重要。

link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-023-02623-5

Key Findings

  • The true rates of detransition, regret, and discontinuation of gender-affirming medical interventions are unknown, despite frequent claims that they are very low (0.3-0.6%).
  • Existing studies on regret and detransition suffer from serious methodological flaws: too-short follow-up periods, high loss to follow-up, inadequate measurement instruments, and samples that don't represent today's patient population.
  • Observed times to regret or detransition are often long—averaging 3-10+ years—meaning studies with short follow-up periods systematically underestimate true rates.
  • The current evidence base for medical interventions for gender dysphoria is of 'low' to 'very low' quality, with no randomized controlled trials comparable to those standard in other fields like depression treatment.
  • Young people and families considering medical intervention should be informed that reliable data on risks like regret and detransition are unavailable, as this uncertainty is essential for truly informed consent.

29%的性别诊所青少年改变了对医疗过渡的看法

跨性别和性别多样化青少年性别相关医疗请求的变化(2023)

Ariel Cohen, Veronica Gomez-Lobo, Laura Willing, David Call, Lauren F. Damle, Lawrence J. D'Angelo, Amber Song, John F. Strang,

transition outcomespuberty suppressiongender dysphoriaqualitative researchautismgender-affirming caremixed-methods

这项对68名性别诊所青少年(47%自闭症)的研究发现,近三分之一(29%)的人改变了他们对医疗过渡的请求。变化在非二元青年中更为常见,并被认为是性别辨别过程中“不罕见”的一部分。最常见的模式是撤回请求,然后重新开始。

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1054139X22007194

Key Findings

  • Nearly one-third (29%) of gender-diverse youth in the study shifted their requests for gender-affirming hormones or surgery over time, suggesting such changes are not uncommon during adolescent gender exploration.
  • Nonbinary youth were significantly more likely to experience shifts in medical requests compared to binary transgender youth, though no differences were found by age, autism status, or sex assigned at birth.
  • The most common pattern (45% of those with shifts) involved youth making a request, withdrawing it, and later re-requesting treatment—indicating that stepping back from medical requests is often temporary rather than final.
  • Most shifts (85%) occurred before any treatment began, and only one participant in the entire study expressed regret after starting treatment, consistent with prior research that regret is rare.
  • Key reasons for shifts fell into two main themes: ongoing gender discovery (wanting more time, exploring identity) and interpersonal influences (lack of support, coming-out worries, peer pressure), with mental health clinicians playing a valuable role in supporting youth through this non-linear process.

快速发作的性别焦虑与去性别转换:对78名年轻成年人的研究

去性别转换与停止:曾认同为跨性别的年轻成年人(2023)

Sasha Ayad, Lisa Marchiano, Kenneth J. Zucker (Archives of Sexual Behavior)

mental healthtransition outcomesdetransitiontraumagender dysphoriaqualitative researchrapid-onset gender dysphoria

一项针对78名美国青年(18-33岁)的调查研究,这些青年曾自认跨性别,并在至少六个月前停止跨性别认同。研究发现,大多数参与者(83%)已采取社会过渡措施,68%已采取医学过渡措施。主要发现包括:不足17%符合DSM-5儿童性别焦虑诊断标准,53%认为自己属于“突发性别焦虑”;91%为出生女性;参与者在跨性别认同前已有高比例的精神科诊断;停止认同后心理健康显著改善,自残和性别焦虑均减少;最初认同跨性别的最常见原因是将心理健康问题或创伤反应误认为性别焦虑;停止认同的原因源于内在变化而非外部压力。研究表明,对某些人而言,停止跨性别认同是可行且有益的。

pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10794437/

Key Findings

  • The vast majority of participants (91%) were natal females, and most reported that their psychological health improved dramatically after detransition, with large decreases in self-harm and gender dysphoria and increases in well-being.
  • Fewer than 17% of participants met diagnostic criteria for childhood gender dysphoria, while 53% believed 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria' applied to them—suggesting many developed gender dysphoria suddenly during or after puberty without prior history.
  • Participants had very high rates of psychiatric diagnoses (95% had at least one lifetime diagnosis) and self-harm (79%), with most mental health issues predating their transgender identification.
  • The most common reason for initial trans-identification was confusing mental health issues or trauma reactions for gender dysphoria; reasons for detransition were primarily internal (own thought processes, realizing causes were more complicated) rather than external pressures like family or discrimination.
  • Most participants (68%) had taken medical transition steps including hormones, and 28% had undergone surgery, yet the majority felt inadequately informed about risks and alternatives during the informed consent process.

医学伦理专家:性别肯定护理对青少年造成医源性伤害

性别医学中的医源性伤害(2023)

Sarah C. J. Jorgensen (Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy)

mental healthdetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careiatrogenic harm

这篇评论认为,'性别肯定模式'正在造成医源性伤害,越来越多的年轻变性者证明了这一点。作者批评该模式心理评估不足、淡化医疗风险并依赖薄弱证据。它呼吁将变性者视为医疗伤害的幸存者,并敦促公开辩论和研究青少年变性的长期影响,指出许多欧洲国家现在正在采取更谨慎的方法。

www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0092623X.2023.2224320

Key Findings

  • Growing numbers of young people are detransitioning and experiencing regret over permanent physical changes, suggesting problems with the current gender-affirming care model.
  • Recent studies indicate 10-30% of youth who undergo medical transition discontinue treatment within 1-4 years, yet long-term data is virtually nonexistent.
  • Mental health issues, trauma, and neurodiversity are often inadequately explored before transition, with 'minority stress' frequently used to explain away complex psychological conditions.
  • Major medical guidelines largely ignore detransitioners, leaving them without clinical guidance, support, or proper care for lasting hormonal and surgical effects.
  • Several countries are shifting away from medical transition as first-line treatment for youth after systematic reviews found weak evidence supporting these interventions.

没有医学共识:欧洲国家因证据不足拒绝'性别肯定护理'

年轻人的性别不安正在上升——专业分歧也在上升(2023)

Jennifer Block (The BMJ)

diagnostic trendsdetransitionpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewgender-affirming care

这份调查报告强调了关于未成年人医疗转型的日益增长的国际辩论。虽然美国医疗机构支持'性别肯定护理',但几个欧洲国家(瑞典、芬兰、英国)由于证据质量低而敦促谨慎行事。文章质疑医学共识的说法,指出系统评价发现青少年激素治疗的证据质量'低'或'非常低',并指出缺乏长期结果数据。

https://www.bmj.com/content/380/bmj.p382

Key Findings

  • Rising numbers of young people with gender dysphoria are seeking medical treatment, yet professional opinions are deeply divided—US medical groups broadly support 'gender-affirming care' while several European countries are restricting medical interventions for minors due to insufficient evidence.
  • Major US medical organizations describe gender-affirming treatments as 'evidence-based,' but independent experts found serious methodological flaws in their guidelines, including weak evidence paired with strong recommendations and failure to conduct proper systematic reviews of treatment outcomes.
  • Systematic reviews by Sweden, Finland, the UK's NICE, and Florida's health agency all concluded that evidence for puberty blockers, hormones, and surgeries in minors is inconclusive, insufficient, or of very low quality—directly contradicting claims of scientific certainty.
  • The number of young people discontinuing hormone treatment may be as high as 20-30% within a few years, and 'detransitioners' are increasingly speaking out about harms from early medical interventions that they say were not truly informed consent.
  • Clinical practice has shifted rapidly toward faster medicalization, with some teens receiving hormones within 12 months of their first clinic visit and mental health evaluations being de-emphasized, raising concerns about inadequate assessment of whether gender dysphoria will persist.

研究人员呼吁结束政治化——停止变性者有未满足的医疗需求

停止变性需要进一步理解,而非争议(2023)

Kinnon Ross MacKinnon, Pablo Expósito-Campos, W Ariel Gould (BMJ)

mental healthdetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchgender-affirming care

本文认为,停止变性被研究人员和临床医生忽视,导致医疗需求未得到满足。作者呼吁进行强有力的、非政治化的研究,以了解停止变性者的不同经历,并指出当前的研究受到短期随访时间和选择偏见的限制。他们强调,改善对停止变性者的护理是全面性别护理的必要部分,最终将通过提供对长期结果的更好理解而使所有跨性别者受益。

www.bmj.com/content/381/bmj-2022-073584

Key Findings

  • Detransition is poorly understood due to limited research and stigma, leaving people with unmet healthcare needs and no clinical guidelines for care.
  • People who detransition are diverse: many are female, transitioned young, and may re-identify with their birth sex, sexual orientation, or continue identifying as trans.
  • Common reasons for detransition include persistent or returning gender dysphoria, health concerns, social discrimination, identity exploration, or unresolved dysphoria despite treatment.
  • Research on detransition needs major improvements: longer follow-up periods (5-10 years), using patients' preferred language, and including those lost to follow-up to avoid biased conclusions.
  • Trans and detrans people share more similarities than differences; studying detransition benefits all gender-diverse individuals and strengthens comprehensive gender care for everyone.

永久损失:经历去性别转换的女性因乳房切除术后无法哺乳而悲痛

胸部男性化乳房切除术和去性别转换后的哺乳悲痛(2023)

Karleen D. Gribble, Susan Bewley, Hannah G. Dahlen (Frontiers in Global Women's Health)

detransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchsurgeriescase report

本案例研究详细描述了一位经历去性别转换的女性在胸部男性化乳房切除术后怀孕,并因无法哺乳而经历深刻悲痛和心理困扰的经历。报告强调了关于哺乳功能丧失的知情同意的缺乏、医疗保健提供者的理解不足以及母亲的情感负担。

www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgwh.2023.1073053/full

Key Findings

  • Breastfeeding is rarely discussed in counseling or consent guidelines for chest masculinization mastectomy, despite the procedure often permanently destroying the ability to produce and deliver milk.
  • A detransitioned woman experienced intense grief over her inability to breastfeed, compounded by maternity providers who dismissed her distress or misgendered her due to inadequate training on detransition.
  • The most common chest masculinization surgical technique—free nipple grafting—almost certainly precludes breastfeeding, yet existing literature falsely claims outcomes cannot be predicted.
  • Research on detransition rates and long-term outcomes of chest masculinization surgery is poor quality, with short follow-up periods and high loss to follow-up that may underestimate regret.
  • Health providers need individualized, sex-based care for detransitioned women, including emotional support for breastfeeding grief, donor milk access, and avoidance of assumptions about gender identity.

30%停药率:超过1/4的跨性别青年在4年内停止激素治疗

跨性别青少年和成人中性别肯定激素的持续使用(2022)

Christina M. Roberts, David A. Klein, Terry A. Adirim, Natasha A. Schvey, Elizabeth Hisle-Gorman (The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism)

cohort studytransition outcomesmedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careadolescent

这项针对美国军事医疗系统中952人的研究追踪了跨性别激素的持续/停药率。虽然约70%的人持续使用激素至少4年,但停药率(中止)为30%——跨男性个体(35.6%停药)显著高于跨女性个体(19%)。18岁后开始激素的成年人停药率为35.6%。值得注意的是,近26%(1/4)的未成年开始者停止了治疗。这些发现表明中止率可能高于文献中通常引用的数据,并揭示了开始时的性别和年龄的重要差异。

academic.oup.com/jcem/article/107/9/e3937/6572526

Key Findings

  • 70% continuation rate at 4 years — roughly 3 in 10 people stopped filling hormone prescriptions within the study period.
  • Transfeminine patients continued at higher rates (81%) than transmasculine patients (64%) — females seeking masculinization were 2.4 times more likely to discontinue.
  • Minors had higher continuation (74%) than adults (64%) — those who started before 18 were less likely to stop.
  • Socioeconomic factors showed no effect — family income, parental military rank, and whether care was officially covered didn't influence continuation rates.
  • The study only tracked prescription refills, not reasons or outcomes — continuation does not indicate satisfaction, and the authors could not determine why people stopped.

70%的人意识到他们的性别焦虑并非与性别有关:最大规模的去跨性别者调查显示大量未被满足的需求

与去性别转变相关的需求与支持:一项横断面在线调查(2022)

Elie Vandenbussche (Journal of Homosexuality)

mental healthdetransitiongender dysphoriaautismgender-affirming carecross-sectional surveysocial support

这项针对237名去转变者(92%为女性)的在线调查发现存在显著的未满足需求。去转变的主要原因包括:意识到性别焦虑与其他问题有关(70%)、健康方面的担忧(62%),以及转变并未缓解性别焦虑(50%)。主要需求包括:针对共病状况与后悔情绪的心理支持、针对并发症的医疗帮助,以及与其他去转变者建立社会联系。许多人报告缺乏支持、与医疗服务提供者的负面经历,以及遭到LGBT群体的排斥。

www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00918369.2021.1919479

Key Findings

  • Detransitioners report significant unmet psychological needs, including coping with gender dysphoria, comorbid mental health conditions, feelings of regret, and internalized homophobia or sexism.
  • Many detransitioners need medical support for stopping or changing hormone therapy, dealing with surgery complications, and accessing reversal procedures, but often face dismissive or uninformed healthcare providers.
  • Social connection with other detransitioners is critical—87% wanted to hear others' stories and 76% wanted direct contact—yet many experience isolation and rejection from LGBT+ communities they previously belonged to.
  • A large majority (70%) realized their gender dysphoria was related to other underlying issues, and half found that transition did not alleviate their dysphoria, highlighting the need for alternative treatment approaches.
  • Overall support for detransitioners is severely lacking: only 18% felt they received enough support, with many reporting negative experiences with medical systems, mental health professionals, and loss of community ties.

男性青春期优势持续存在:跨性别女性尽管接受激素治疗仍保留9-31%的运动优势

运动优势回顾(2022)

Pigozzi et al (BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine)

medical ethicsgender identitysports medicinetestosteronefairnessinclusiontransgender athletesdifferences of sexual development

研究回顾显示,由于男性青春期不可逆转的影响,跨性别女性在激素治疗后仍保留9-31%的肌肉质量、力量和血红蛋白优势。

www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1117938/ioc-transgender-framework-criticised

Key Findings

  • The 2021 IOC framework on gender identity and sex variations is criticized for prioritizing human rights perspectives over medical and scientific evidence, particularly its stance of 'no presumption of advantage' regarding testosterone levels.
  • Testosterone is well-established as a performance-enhancing hormone that increases muscle mass and athletic ability, and the authors argue that high testosterone concentrations confer a baseline competitive advantage that must be recognized and mitigated.
  • The framework places full responsibility for gender eligibility rules on International Federations (IFs), most of which lack the capacity, resources, and expertise to implement it effectively.
  • The authors warn that implementation could lead to two undesirable extremes: either total exclusion of transgender and DSD athletes from competition, or self-identification policies that effectively eliminate meaningful eligibility rules and fair competition.
  • The position statement calls for the IOC to provide clear, evidence-based standards for all sports to follow, rather than leaving individual federations to navigate this complex issue alone.

20%停止激素治疗:英国审计发现超半数提及去过渡或后悔

跨性别患者的护理:全科实践质量改进方法(2022)

Isabel Boyd, Thomas Hackett, Susan Bewley (Healthcare)

cohort studydetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careprimary carequality improvement

英国一项针对68名跨性别患者的初级护理审计发现,没有一致的全国性监测指南,导致多达三分之二的患者护理不达标。研究揭示了专科服务的长时间等待、高发的共病心理健康状况以及20%的激素停药率,其中超过一半停药者提及去过渡或后悔。作者呼吁基于证据的初级护理标准。

www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/121

Key Findings

  • No UK-wide or international primary care guidelines exist for transgender healthcare, and existing guidance from gender identity clinics is often contradictory, making quality care difficult to deliver.
  • Up to two-thirds of transgender patients in the audit did not receive all recommended monitoring standards, largely due to conflicting instructions between different gender identity clinics and international guidelines.
  • A significant portion of patients (20%) stopped hormone therapy, with more than half of those citing regret or detransition experiences—raising concerns about current assessment and treatment approaches.
  • Patients faced long waits for gender identity clinic appointments (averaging 26 months) and high rates of co-existing mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, self-harm, and autism spectrum disorder.
  • The authors call for urgent development of evidence-based, standardized primary care guidelines with measurable quality standards, and recommend this audit approach be replicated nationally to improve understanding of patient outcomes.

创伤、自闭症、心理健康问题:案例研究表明医疗化前需要评估

性别去过渡:案例研究(2021)

Lisa Marchiano (Journal of Analytical Psychology)

detransitiontraumagender exploratory therapycountertransferencegender dysphoriagender-affirming carecase reportadolescent

这项关于一位年轻成年女性进行性别去过渡的案例研究突出了性别认同发展的复杂性。患者有创伤、自闭症和精神健康共病史。作者强调了对性别不安青年进行彻底心理评估和谨慎、个性化方法的必要性,允许在没有过早医疗化的情况下进行身份探索。

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-5922.12711

Key Findings

  • A sharp global rise in adolescents identifying as transgender has been accompanied by increasing numbers of young people detransitioning, particularly natal females.
  • The case study of Maya illustrates how gender dysphoria can sometimes reflect unaddressed psychological issues—such as unmetabolized grief, attachment trauma, and family dynamics—rather than a core transgender identity.
  • The author critiques the gender affirmative model of care for potentially concretizing distress and foreclosing deeper psychological exploration by immediately affirming a patient's stated gender identity.
  • Maya's trans identification served multiple unconscious functions: rejecting her mother, escaping feminine expectations, expressing split-off aggression, and gaining social belonging, while her detransition allowed therapeutic work on these underlying issues.
  • The paper argues for psychotherapeutic approaches that maintain symbolic thinking about gender distress and help patients confront bodily and emotional reality, rather than rushing to medical interventions.

只有56%完成治疗:英国诊所研究显示高辍学率和不良结果

英国国家成人性别认同诊所出院队列的护理获取和去性别转换频率:回顾性病例记录审查(2021)

R. Hall, L. Mitchell, J. Sachdeva (BJPsych Open)

mental healthcohort studydetransitiontraumagender dysphoriagender-affirming careadolescent

在英国一家性别诊所出院的175名成年人中,只有56%完成了计划路径;59%获得了所有所需的治疗(94%激素,48%手术)。22%退出,19%很快被重新转诊。神经发育状况、童年逆境、持续的心理健康或物质问题预测了更差的结果。作者呼吁更加个性化、创伤知情护理。

www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-open/article/access-to-care-and-frequency-of-detransition-among-a-cohort-discharged-by-a-uk-national-adult-gender-identity-clinic-retrospective-casenote-review/3F5AC1315A49813922AAD76D9E28F5CB

Key Findings

  • Only 56% of patients completed their planned treatment pathway, with 22% disengaging from care entirely and 19% being re-referred shortly after discharge.
  • Hormone therapy was accessed by 94% of those who sought it, but gender reassignment surgery rates were much lower—57% for feminizing and just 26% for masculinizing procedures.
  • Four factors were independently linked to worse outcomes: neurodevelopmental disorders, adverse childhood experiences, substance misuse during treatment, and mental health concerns during treatment.
  • The detransition rate of 6.9% is notably higher than previously reported UK figures, though the authors note this may still be an underestimate due to limited follow-up time.
  • The study raises concerns about implementing streamlined care models uniformly, given the significant heterogeneity and complex needs of patients accessing gender identity services.

性别认同障碍男童的随访研究

性别认同障碍男童的随访研究(2021)

Devita Singh, Susan J. Bradley, Kenneth J. Zucker (Frontiers in Psychiatry)

cohort studytransition outcomesdetransitiongender dysphoriagender identity disordersexual orientationchildhooddesistancepersistence

本研究报告了迄今为止最大的因性别焦虑而转诊至诊所的男童样本(n=139)的随访数据。在童年期,男童在平均7.49岁时接受评估,并在平均20.58岁时进行随访。在139名男童中,17名(12.2%)被归类为持续者,122名(87.8%)被归类为消退者。数据显示,因性别认同问题转诊至诊所的男童具有较高的消退率和较高的双性恋/男同性恋性取向率。

www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.632784/full

Key Findings

  • Of 139 boys clinic-referred for gender dysphoria in childhood, only 12.2% (17) persisted with gender dysphoria into adolescence/adulthood, while 87.8% (122) desisted.
  • A large majority of boys in the study developed a biphilic/androphilic (same-sex attracted) sexual orientation: 63.6% in fantasy and 47.2% in behavior, with an additional quarter reporting no sexual behaviors.
  • Boys who persisted with gender dysphoria tended to be older at childhood assessment, from lower social class backgrounds, and showed more severe gender-variant behavior in childhood compared to desisters.
  • The study found no significant difference in persistence rates between boys who met full diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder in childhood (13.6%) versus those who were subthreshold (9.8%).
  • The authors note this is the largest follow-up study of its kind and discuss implications for contemporary treatment approaches, particularly the increasing practice of early social gender transition which was rare in their sample.

60%的人对出生性别感到舒适:对100名停止变性者的调查揭示了他们停止的原因

接受过医学和/或手术过渡治疗的性别不安患者随后停止过渡:对100名停止变性者的调查(2021)

Lisa Littman (Archives of Sexual Behavior)

mental healthdetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriarapid-onset gender dysphoriasurvey

这项对100名停止变性者(69%为女性)的调查发现了停止变性的各种原因,包括对出生性别感到更舒适(60%)、对医疗并发症的担忧(49%),以及意识到他们的性别不安与其他问题如创伤或心理健康状况有关(38%)。值得注意的是,23%的人将同性恋恐惧症或难以接受同性吸引力作为一个因素。大多数人(55%)认为他们最初的变性评估不足,只有24%的人告知了他们的临床医生他们停止了变性。

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34665380/

Key Findings

  • Most detransitioners (69%) were natal females, and the most common reason for detransitioning was becoming more comfortable identifying as their natal sex (60%), not external discrimination.
  • A majority (55%) felt they did not receive adequate evaluation from doctors or mental health professionals before starting transition, and nearly half said counseling was overly positive about benefits while downplaying risks.
  • Many participants attributed their gender dysphoria to underlying factors such as trauma, mental health conditions (38%), or internalized homophobia (23%), suggesting alternative causes were not fully explored beforehand.
  • Social media and online communities played a significant role in encouraging transition, with YouTube videos (48%), blogs (46%), and Tumblr (45%) being major influences; 20% felt socially pressured to transition by friends, partners, or clinicians.
  • Only 24% of detransitioners informed their clinicians that they had detransitioned, indicating that official clinic rates likely underestimate the true prevalence of this outcome.

首次类型学:跨性别逆转者需要专门的医疗支持

性别跨性别逆转的类型学及其对医疗保健提供者的影响(2021)

Pablo Expósito-Campos (Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy)

mental healthdetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchautismgender-affirming care

本研究首次提出性别去转换(detransition)的系统类型学,以解决临床医生和研究人员在应用该概念时的不一致问题。该类型学根据个体在停止与转换相关的干预措施后是否继续认同为跨性别者来对去转换进行分类。作者讨论了其对医疗服务提供者的影响,强调需要为去转换者制定专门的临床指南。文章还探讨了预防去转换的可能性,指出临床医生在治疗患有性别焦虑的个体时所面临的挑战。结论认为,去转换是一个新兴但尚未被充分理解的现象,需要专门的医疗支持和进一步研究。

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33427094/

Key Findings

  • The paper proposes a new typology distinguishing 'core' detransition (driven by reidentification with birth sex) from 'non-core' detransition (stopping transition while still identifying as transgender due to external pressures or health concerns).
  • Healthcare providers should not rely solely on patient self-identification for clinical decisions, as identities can be fluid; comprehensive psychological assessments and differential diagnosis remain essential.
  • Clinicians need to provide honest, transparent communication about the benefits, risks, and limitations of gender-affirming treatments to ensure meaningful informed consent.
  • Core and non-core detransitioners have different healthcare needs, requiring tailored clinical guidelines—core detransitioners need help coping with dysphoria without medical transition, while non-core detransitioners may need support for discrimination or medical complications.
  • Detransition should not be viewed as automatic 'failure' or 'regret'; clinicians must adopt non-judgmental, compassionate approaches with regular long-term follow-ups for all patients.
  • Some individuals initially detransition to non-binary identities before fully reidentifying with their birth sex, suggesting non-binary identification can function as a stepping-stone rather than endpoint.
  • The paper notes elevated rates of autism spectrum traits among core detransitioners, possibly linked to intense or obsessional interests around gender. This co-occurrence warrants careful clinical screening rather than automatic affirmation.

不存在针对去性别者的协议:临床领导者呼吁紧急研究和服务

对性别放弃者/去性别者的研究和服务的迫切需求(2020)

Butler, C. & Hutchinson, A.

mental healthdetransitiongender dysphoriaadolescentdesistanceclinical implicationsresearch gaps

本文强调了越来越多的个人试图停止或从性别转变中返回。作者认为,尽管存在这种趋势,但对这一人群的研究、临床指导和支持存在显著不足。他们指出,虽然存在广泛的转变协议,但没有针对那些返回的人的协议,并呼吁紧急关注这一群体的临床和研究需求。

acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/camh.12361

Key Findings

  • Desisters and detransitioners—people who stop or reverse gender transitions—exist but are often overlooked in research and clinical care, with no established protocols to support them.
  • Reported desistance rates vary dramatically (from 73% to 98% in children), but current data is unreliable due to changing diagnostic criteria, sampling biases, short follow-up periods, and a rapidly evolving patient population.
  • Today's gender clinic patients differ significantly from past cohorts: there are far more adolescents, more assigned-female-at-birth patients, more non-binary individuals, more who have already socially transitioned, and more with co-occurring conditions like autism or mental health issues.
  • Common factors associated with desistance include lower intensity gender dysphoria, greater body acceptance, resolution of contributing issues like homophobic bullying or family difficulties, and eventual gay or lesbian identity.
  • Clinical care should be non-judgmental, view gender and sexual identity as potentially fluid, address social context and support systems, connect people to peer groups, and ensure access to medical professionals who can help reverse prior interventions when needed.