去過渡研究是一個新興領域。過去十年間,性別焦慮診斷數量迅速上升——尤其在青春期少女中——導致去過渡者群體不斷增長,但由於隨訪流失率高、意識形態分歧以及方法論局限,數據收集仍然充滿挑戰。
1996-2019年芬蘭接觸專門性別認同服務的青少年和年輕成人的精神疾病發病率:一項登記研究(2026)
Ruuska et al.
mental healthcohort studytransition outcomesdiagnostic trends
芬蘭全國性隊列研究,對2,083名23歲以下的性別轉介個體(1996-2019年)與16,643名配對對照進行比較。性別轉介青少年在轉介前(45.7% vs. 15.0%)和轉介後≥2年(61.7% vs. 14.6%)的精神疾病發病率均顯著高於對照組。2010年後轉介者的精神需求高於早期隊列。在接受醫學性別重置的青少年中,隨訪期間精神疾病發病率顯著上升——女性化性別重置從9.8%上升至60.7%,男性化性別重置從21.6%上升至54.5%。在調整既往精神科治療後,所有性別轉介青少年的精神疾病風險均同樣升高,風險比約為女性對照組的三倍、男性對照組的五倍。結論認為,性別轉介青少年中重度精神疾病很常見,在近期轉介激增後轉介者中更為普遍,且醫學性別重置後精神需求不會消退。
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.70533Key Findings
- Far higher psychiatric morbidity: Gender-referred adolescents were about three times more likely to have received specialist psychiatric treatment before referral compared to matched controls, and this gap widened after referral.
- Post-2010 surge linked to greater needs: Youth referred after 2010 showed roughly double the pre-referral psychiatric morbidity of the earlier cohort, suggesting increasingly complex cases.
- Psychiatric needs increased after medical transition: Among those who underwent medical gender reassignment, the proportion needing specialist psychiatric care rose sharply during follow-up—especially among those receiving feminising treatment (from ~10% to ~61%).
- Risk remains elevated even after accounting for prior mental health: After adjusting for pre-existing psychiatric treatment, all gender-referred groups still had a 3- to 5-fold higher risk of severe psychiatric morbidity than controls, regardless of whether they underwent medical transition.
- Clinical takeaway: The findings emphasize the need for thorough psychiatric evaluation and continuous mental health support before, during, and after any medical gender reassignment, as psychiatric needs often persist or worsen rather than resolve.
挪威國家性別不一致中心轉診兒童和青少年的治療軌跡(2025)
Cecilie Bjertness Nyquist, Leila Torgersen, Linda W. David, Trond Haaken Diseth, Kjersti Gulbrandsen, Anne Waehre (Acta Paediatrica)
cohort studytransition outcomesdetransitionpuberty suppression
這項挪威隊列研究對1,258名轉診至國家性別不一致中心的青少年進行了調查,發現22%的人在未經性別確認醫療治療的情況下出院。在開始使用睾酮的人中,有18名女性停止了性別轉換(11人因停止跨性別身份)。該研究強調了從青春期阻滯劑到激素的高持續率(97%),引發了對管道效應的擔憂,並強調了鑑於包括停止性別轉換在內的各種治療軌跡,需要進行長期隨訪。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39648282/Key Findings
- Among 1,258 children and adolescents referred to Norway's national gender clinic from 2000-2020, 62% started gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) and 11% received puberty blockers (GnRHa).
- Nearly all (97%) of those who received puberty blockers went on to hormone treatment, raising questions about whether blockers allow for meaningful exploration of gender identity.
- Eighteen individuals assigned female at birth (2.3% of those on GAHT) detransitioned after testosterone treatment, with most ceasing to identify as transgender entirely.
- Because of loss to follow-up and incomplete external treatment data, the authors acknowledge their detransition figure (2.3% of those who started GAHT) may be too low. They cite a Finnish nationwide register study finding a 7.9% discontinuation rate to support the concern that their number is probably an underestimate.
- About 22% of those who attended at least one appointment were discharged without any medical treatment, most commonly due to mental health concerns.
- The study highlights significant shifts in Norwegian clinical practice over time, with declining use of puberty blockers in recent years amid growing international scrutiny of evidence for these treatments.
英格蘭初級保健機構就診兒童和青少年性別不安和性別不一致的流行病學:回顧性隊列研究(2025)
Jarvis et al.
mental healthcohort studydiagnostic trends
這項對英格蘭初級保健記錄的大規模研究發現,2011年至2021年間,0-18歲兒童和青少年中記錄的性別不安/不一致現象增加了50倍(5000%)。患病率從每萬人0.16例上升到8.3例,其中2014年後出生登記為女性的群體增長最為顯著。研究還發現高比例共病心理健康問題——52.7%有焦慮、抑鬱或自殘記錄。醫療干預相對較少,4.7%被開具青春期阻斷劑,8.0%被開具跨性別激素。作者指出迫切需要為這一人群提供更好的心理健康支持。
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12320607/Key Findings
- A 50-fold increase in recorded diagnoses
- Between 2011 and 2021, the recorded prevalence of gender dysphoria/incongruence in English primary care rose from roughly 1 in 60,000 to about 1 in 1,200 among 17–18 year olds.
- The rise is driven mainly by recorded females
- After 2014, incidence increased far more rapidly in females than males; by 2021, prevalence was approximately twice as high in females, reversing historical patterns.
- Mental health co-conditions are very common
- Over half (52.7%) of affected children and young people had a record of anxiety, depression, or self-harm—substantially higher than matched youth with autism or eating disorders, especially for depression and self-harm.
- Medical hormone treatment remains rare in primary care records
- Only 4.7% received puberty-suppressing hormones and 8.0% received masculinising/feminising hormones, likely reflecting long specialist waiting times and under-recording of treatments initiated elsewhere.
- Strongly age-linked, but not deprivation-linked
- Cases were rarely recorded before age 11 and peaked at ages 17–18; there was no consistent association between prevalence and neighbourhood deprivation levels.
青春期阻斷劑治療青少年性別不安: 系統評價和薈萃分析(2025)
Anna Miroshnychenko, Yetiani Roldan, Sara Ibrahim, Chan Kulatunga-Moruzi, Steven Montante, Rachel Couban, Gordon Guyatt, Romina Brignardello-Petersen (Archives of Disease in Childhood)
mental healthcohort studypuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoria
這項來自《兒童疾病檔案》的系統評價和薈萃分析研究了10項關於青春期阻斷劑治療青少年性別不安的研究。作者發現"關於青春期阻斷劑效果的相當大的不確定性",對於包括整體功能、抑鬱和骨密度在內的結果,僅有"非常低確定性"的證據。比較觀察性研究提供了非常低確定性的證據,前後研究也顯示出非常低的確定性。作者得出結論,"在自信推薦這些干預措施之前,需要進行方法學上嚴格的前瞻性研究"。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39855724/Key Findings
- The evidence for puberty blockers' effects on youth with gender dysphoria is mostly 'very low certainty' across all measured outcomes, meaning we cannot reliably conclude whether they help or harm.
- Only 10 studies met inclusion criteria, with no randomized controlled trials found; most studies had serious methodological flaws like missing data and lack of proper comparison groups.
- Potential mental health benefits (improved global function, reduced depression and gender dysphoria) were suggested but remain highly uncertain due to weak study designs. Another study (Olson-Kennedy et al., 2025) shows that depression got worse.
- Bone mineral density at the hip, spine, and femoral neck appeared lower after puberty blocker use, though this finding also carries very low certainty.
- The authors call for methodologically rigorous prospective studies and possibly randomized controlled trials to better understand both short-term and long-term effects of this intervention.
針對26歲以下性別不安個體的性別肯定荷爾蒙治療:系統性回顧與統合分析(2025)
Anna Miroshnychenko, Sara Ibrahim, Yetiani Roldan, Chan Kulatunga-Moruzi, Steven Montante, Rachel Couban, Gordon Guyatt, Romina Brignardello-Petersen (Archives of Disease in Childhood)
mental healthcohort studypuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewmeta-analysis
這項全面的系統性回顧與統合分析評估了24項針對26歲以下個體的性別肯定荷爾蒙治療(GAHT)的研究。回顧發現關於性別不安、整體功能和憂鬱症的證據大多為「極低確定性」。雖然一項研究表明憂鬱症機率較低(OR 0.73),但這被評定為低確定性證據。作者總結道:「GAHT的效果存在相當大的不確定性,我們不能排除有益或有害的可能性。需要方法學上嚴格的前瞻性研究來產生更高確定性的證據。」
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39855725/Key Findings
- The evidence for most effects of gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in young people under 26 is very low certainty, meaning we cannot confidently determine benefits or harms.
- Only one study found low certainty evidence that depression may be lower in those who received GAHT compared to those who did not.
- Cardiovascular events were the only outcomes with higher certainty evidence: about 4% of natal females experienced cardiovascular events 7-109 months after GAHT (high certainty), and about 0.2% at 26 months (moderate certainty).
- All 24 included studies had serious methodological limitations, including failure to adjust for important confounders like mental health conditions, missing data, and participants receiving other treatments.
- The authors conclude that better designed prospective studies are urgently needed to understand the true effects of GAHT on gender dysphoria, mental health, bone density, and other outcomes.
我們想知道嗎?(2025)
D'Angelo, R. (The International Journal of Psychoanalysis)
detransitiontraumagender exploratory therapycountertransferencemedical ethics
本文認為,青少年性別肯定干預的薄弱證據基礎和深遠影響需要敏感的精神分析探索。它批評了社會政治趨勢如何將年輕人尋求醫療轉型的深層探索框架為「禁區」或轉換療法。作者指出,政治驅動的臨床醫生歪曲了那些探索跨性別認同意義的人,最小化了薄弱的證據基礎和嚴重風險,同時掩蓋了性別不安下的心理痛苦。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39327914/Key Findings
- Trauma can hide behind a fixed trans narrative. In the case of Elly, a history of maternal abuse and emotional neglect only emerged after 18 months of analytic work, revealing her gender dysphoria was deeply entangled with unprocessed psychic pain that brief clinic assessments would never have uncovered.
- The medical evidence base is shaky. Systematic reviews from the UK (Cass Review), Sweden, Finland and Germany consistently find that evidence for the benefits of puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones in youth is of very low quality, while serious physical harms—including cardiovascular risks and infertility—are well established.
- There is a "prohibition on knowing" at every level. Patients like Elly fiercely defend against exploration of their gendered experience, and this individual resistance is reinforced by a socio-political climate that frames any questioning of trans identity as transphobic or a form of conversion therapy.
- Advocacy within psychoanalysis is misrepresenting exploratory work. Prominent analysts who promote medical affirmation are, in D'Angelo's view, distorting the intent of clinicians who ask "why," erasing the suffering of detransitioners, and abandoning the analytic mandate to understand unconscious meaning.
- The profession may be over-correcting for its past. The analytic community's defensive rush to affirm medical transition may be driven by unconscious guilt over its history of pathologising homosexuality, coupled with clinicians avoiding the dread and helplessness that arise when sitting with a young person pursuing irreversible body modification.
出生時登記為女性的成年人的敘述:他們開始了醫療過渡,後來又脫跨(2025)
Jane Lomax, Catherine Butler (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthdetransitionnarrative analysisgender dysphoriaqualitative researchautism
一項針對六名英國女性(年齡21-32歲)的定性研究,她們在醫療干預後脫跨。出現了四個敘事主題:醫療過渡在解決性別不安方面的局限性、關於睪酮的長期健康問題、作為男性生活的社會挑戰以及脫跨作為一個持續的過程。參與者報告了未滿足的支持需求,並強調了關於過渡結果的現實期望的重要性。
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03083-9#ref-CR61Key Findings
- Medical transition had limits: Participants found that hormones and surgery did not fully resolve their gender dysphoria or underlying mental health struggles, with some experiencing intensified distress or 'reverse dysphoria' after physical changes.
- Long-term health concerns drove decisions: Anxiety about unknown long-term effects of testosterone on female bodies—such as cardiovascular risks, uterine atrophy, and infertility—contributed to detransition, with participants feeling inadequately informed beforehand.
- Social belonging shifted over time: Many discovered they felt more authentic connecting with women and lesbian communities rather than living as men, with some realizing narrow stereotypes of womanhood had influenced their initial decision to transition.
- Detransition is complex and ongoing: The process involved grief, guilt, and practical challenges like navigating a masculinized appearance, with most finding alternative ways to manage distress rather than through medical intervention.
- Support systems are largely inadequate: Participants reported unmet needs from healthcare providers and therapists, often turning to online detransition communities for information, practical guidance, and emotional support instead.
成人性別不安與跨性別回歸:對芬蘭一家性別認同診所九名患者的分析(2025)
Kaisa Kettula, Niina Puustinen, Lotta Tynkkynen, Liisa Lempinen, Katinka Tuisku (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthcohort studydetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoria
這項芬蘭研究對九名跨性別回歸者(7名女性,2名男性)進行了調查,發現所有人都報告稱,他們最初的轉變並非由真正的跨性別身份驅動,而是由未解決的心理壓力因素驅動,包括童年創傷、性虐待、飲食失調和邊緣型人格症狀。所有七名女性都有'重大'後悔,平均後悔時間為7年。回顧性分析顯示,患者認為轉變的需求源於成熟挑戰和依戀問題,而非性別不安。該研究強調了在醫療干預前進行徹底心理評估的至關重要性。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40394447/Key Findings
- This study of nine Finnish adults who detransitioned found that most (seven of nine) experienced 'major regret' and sought to reverse their gender-affirming treatments, with an average of seven years passing before regret emerged.
- The detransitioners had very high rates of psychiatric conditions, including mood disorders (89%), anxiety disorders (78%), borderline personality disorder (56%), eating disorders or symptoms (78%), and childhood trauma or sexual abuse affecting nearly all patients.
- Patients retrospectively reported that their original desire to transition stemmed not from true transgender identity, but from factors like trauma, misogyny, dissociative disorders, difficult life circumstances, or confusion about sexuality.
- The clinic made several practice changes in response, including removing referral requirements for detransitioners, increasing psychiatric collaboration, offering psychotherapy, and emphasizing professional neutrality rather than affirmation.
- The authors stress that thorough psychological evaluation—especially for trauma, dissociation, and attachment issues—should precede irreversible interventions to reduce adverse outcomes.
青春期阻斷劑和衰老對睾丸細胞狀態和功能的影響(2024)
Murugesh et al
puberty supressioninfertility
對服用青春期阻斷劑的男孩的分析顯示,精原幹細胞持續受損,表明即使停藥後也可能出現不可逆不育。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38585884/Key Findings
- Widespread use, limited data — 100% of gender dysphoria patients in this pediatric biorepository were on puberty blockers, yet long-term effects on testicular development remain poorly understood.
- Physical atrophy observed — Histology revealed mild-to-severe seminiferous tubule atrophy in PB-treated children, with some patients showing fully atrophied glands and microlithiasis.
- Developmental block at stem cell stage — Single-cell analysis showed >90% of germ cells in PB-treated juveniles were arrested at the spermatogonial stage, failing to progress toward meiosis.
- Machine learning flags "prepubertal" profile — Models trained on normal developmental data classified PB-treated patients as prepubertal across all cell types, suggesting incomplete or absent maturation of the testicular niche.
- Reversibility questioned — The combination of gland atrophy, abnormal cell proportions, and persistently immature gene expression signatures raises concerns about whether complete reproductive recovery is guaranteed after discontinuing puberty blockers.
性別肯定手術後的自殺與自殘風險(2024)
John J. Straub, Krishna K. Paul, Lauren G. Bothwell, Sterling J. Deshazo, Georgiy Golovko, Michael S. Miller, Dietrich V. Jehle (Cureus)
mental healthcohort studydiagnostic trendstraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriasurgeries
一項回溯性研究使用 TriNetX 資料庫(涵蓋 56 家美國醫療機構、超過 9,000 萬名病患),探討性別肯定手術後的自殺與自傷風險。研究比較 1,501 名接受性別肯定手術且曾至急診就醫的成年人與對照組。主要發現:接受手術者的自殺企與風險為未手術者的 12.12 倍(3.47% 對 0.29%);與輸卵管結紮/輸精管結紮對照組相比,傾向配對前風險為 5.03 倍,配對後為 4.71 倍(3.50% 對 0.74%);使用咽炎對照組亦得一致結果。研究結論指出,接受性別肯定手術者的自殺風險顯著升高,凸顯術後全面精神支持之必要。
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11063965/Key Findings
- Patients who underwent gender-affirming surgery had a 12.12 times higher risk of suicide attempts compared to general emergency department patients, and a 4.71 times higher risk compared to patients who had tubal ligation or vasectomy procedures.
- The study found significantly elevated risks across all measured outcomes: suicide attempts, death, self-harm, and PTSD—persisting even after propensity matching for age, race, ethnicity, and sex.
- PTSD risk was notably elevated, with a 7.76-fold increase compared to general emergency patients and 3.23-fold increase after matching with surgical controls, suggesting pre-operative trauma and post-operative challenges both play important roles.
- The large-scale retrospective study used real-world data from over 90 million patients across 56 U.S. healthcare organizations over a 20-year period, making it one of the largest studies of its kind.
- The authors emphasize that their findings show association rather than causation, and conclude that comprehensive psychiatric support and mental health care are essential in the years following gender-affirming surgery.
卡斯審查(2024)
Hilary Cass (The Cass Review)
mental healthtransition outcomespuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaautismsystematic review
由英國NHS England委託的一項獨立系統評價,評估了100多項關於18歲以下青少年性別認同服務的研究。它代表了對肯定護理模式的高水平批評,強調了現有研究中的方法論缺陷。結論是,青春期阻斷劑和跨性別激素的證據"異常薄弱"或質量低下,缺乏隨機試驗,存在骨密度損失和不確定的心理健康益處等風險。
https://segm.org/Final-Cass-Report-2024-NHS-Response-SummaryKey Findings
- The review emphasizes evidence-based, holistic care for gender-questioning youth rather than a social justice model, calling for individualized assessments that screen for co-occurring conditions like autism and mental health issues.
- The evidence base for medical interventions—particularly puberty blockers and hormones—was found to be weak, prompting recommendations for a full research program and extreme caution, especially for hormones starting at age 16.
- A nominated medical practitioner should take overall clinical responsibility for patient safety, and every case for medical treatment must be reviewed by a national multidisciplinary team.
- Social transition decisions for pre-pubertal children should involve early consultation with experienced clinical professionals, reflecting a more cautious approach than previously standard.
- All children being considered for medical pathways must be offered fertility counseling and preservation before starting treatment.
尋求性別肯定激素治療者中逆轉的普遍性:系統性回顧(2024)
Eva Feigerlova (Journal of Sexual Medicine)
cohort studydetransitionpuberty suppressiongender exploratory therapymedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic review
這篇發表在《性醫學雜誌》上的系統性回顧研究了在請求或開始性別肯定激素治療的個體中逆轉率的現有研究。回顧發現文獻中存在顯著差距,並識別了不同數據集中的潛在偏差來源。作者指出,儘管最近的證據表明性別肯定程序的好處,但對逆轉的新興需求和後悔報告表明存在關鍵的知識差距。回顧強調需要更好的長期追蹤研究,以了解逆轉的真正普遍性及其根本原因。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39724926/Key Findings
- Detransition rates are relatively low: shifts in treatment requests before any medication ranged from 0.8-7.4%, puberty blocker (GnRHa) discontinuation from 1-7.6%, and hormone therapy (GAHT) discontinuation from 1.6-9.8%.
- The 15 included studies were highly heterogeneous and generally low quality—most were retrospective, had insufficient follow-up times, used inconsistent definitions of detransition, and failed to account for confounding factors like social or financial pressures.
- Reasons for stopping treatment varied widely and were not limited to identity changes; they included side effects, financial barriers, social issues, treatment goals being met, and poor compliance, making it difficult to isolate true identity-based detransition.
- There is no standardized definition of detransition across studies, with some counting anyone who stopped identifying as transgender regardless of medical steps taken, while others required actual hormone discontinuation with intent to revert to birth-assigned gender.
- The authors conclude that detransition remains insufficiently studied and call for well-designed long-term prospective research with consistent measurement tools, adequate follow-up, and control for confounding variables to better inform healthcare providers and policymakers.
兒科『性別肯定』照護的目的是什麼?(2024)
Gorin, M.
mental healthpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewautonomygender-affirming care
發表在《黑斯廷斯中心報告》上的這篇生物倫理分析批評了從基於證據的兒科性別肯定照護的正當性轉向基於「自主性」的論點,這些論點訴諸於「體現目標」。作者認為,最近的系統評價得出結論,科學證據不確定,導致一些人放棄將健康改善作為目標,而是通過患者自主性來證明干預措施的合理性。戈林總結說,這些基於自主性的論點誤解了自主性在臨床決策中的地位,從而使患者面臨醫療傷害的風險。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38842886/Key Findings
- Current U.S. clinical guidelines endorse puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, and surgery for youth gender dysphoria, but international bodies in England, Sweden, and Finland have pulled back after systematic reviews found weak evidence of medical benefits.
- The Dutch protocol—the original research basis for pediatric medical transition—had significant methodological flaws, including no control group, confounded measurement of gender dysphoria, and a population very different from today's patients.
- Some bioethicists argue youth should have a right to transition-related interventions based on 'embodiment goals' and autonomy alone, without requiring evidence of mental health benefits or even a diagnosis.
- The author argues this autonomy-based view contradicts medicine's core principle of nonmaleficence: patient desire for body modification is not sufficient justification for risky medical interventions without evidence of health benefits.
- International discrepancies in treatment guidelines stem partly from different standards of evidence assessment (systematic reviews vs. narrative reviews) and partly from deeper value disagreements about whether medicine's aim is health improvement or fulfilling patient identity goals.
去過渡率未知(2023)
J. Cohn (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
detransitionpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewsurgeriesgender-affirming care
本文認為,由於現有研究存在重大缺陷,實際的去過渡率、中止率和後悔率尚不清楚。它批評了廣泛引用的研究,因為這些問題包括短期追蹤期(因為後悔可能需要數年才能顯現)、高失訪率以及使用的樣本未能反映最近青少年病例的激增。作者得出結論,關於非常低後悔率的說法不可靠,這種不確定性對於知情同意至關重要。
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-023-02623-5Key Findings
- The true rates of detransition, regret, and discontinuation of gender-affirming medical interventions are unknown, despite frequent claims that they are very low (0.3-0.6%).
- Existing studies on regret and detransition suffer from serious methodological flaws: too-short follow-up periods, high loss to follow-up, inadequate measurement instruments, and samples that don't represent today's patient population.
- Observed times to regret or detransition are often long—averaging 3-10+ years—meaning studies with short follow-up periods systematically underestimate true rates.
- The current evidence base for medical interventions for gender dysphoria is of 'low' to 'very low' quality, with no randomized controlled trials comparable to those standard in other fields like depression treatment.
- Young people and families considering medical intervention should be informed that reliable data on risks like regret and detransition are unavailable, as this uncertainty is essential for truly informed consent.
跨性別和性別多樣化青少年性別相關醫療請求的變化(2023)
Ariel Cohen, Veronica Gomez-Lobo, Laura Willing, David Call, Lauren F. Damle, Lawrence J. D'Angelo, Amber Song, John F. Strang,
transition outcomespuberty suppressiongender dysphoriaqualitative researchautismgender-affirming caremixed-methods
這項對68名性別診所青少年(47%自閉症)的研究發現,近三分之一(29%)的人改變了他們對醫療過渡的請求。變化在非二元青年中更為常見,並被認為是性別辨別過程中「不罕見」的一部分。最常見的模式是撤回請求,然後重新開始。
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1054139X22007194Key Findings
- Nearly one-third (29%) of gender-diverse youth in the study shifted their requests for gender-affirming hormones or surgery over time, suggesting such changes are not uncommon during adolescent gender exploration.
- Nonbinary youth were significantly more likely to experience shifts in medical requests compared to binary transgender youth, though no differences were found by age, autism status, or sex assigned at birth.
- The most common pattern (45% of those with shifts) involved youth making a request, withdrawing it, and later re-requesting treatment—indicating that stepping back from medical requests is often temporary rather than final.
- Most shifts (85%) occurred before any treatment began, and only one participant in the entire study expressed regret after starting treatment, consistent with prior research that regret is rare.
- Key reasons for shifts fell into two main themes: ongoing gender discovery (wanting more time, exploring identity) and interpersonal influences (lack of support, coming-out worries, peer pressure), with mental health clinicians playing a valuable role in supporting youth through this non-linear process.
曾經認同為跨性別的年輕成人中的去轉換與停止轉換(2023)
Sasha Ayad, Lisa Marchiano, Kenneth J. Zucker (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthtransition outcomesdetransitiontraumagender dysphoriaqualitative researchrapid-onset gender dysphoria
一項針對 78 位美國年輕成人(年齡 18–33 歲)的調查研究,這些受試者曾自我認同為跨性別,並在至少六個月前停止此認同。研究發現,大多數參與者(83%)已採取社會性轉換步驟,68% 已採取醫療性轉換步驟。主要結果包括:不到 17% 符合 DSM-5 兒童性別不安診斷標準,53% 認為自己屬於突發性性別不安;91% 為原生女性;參與者在跨性別認同前即有高比例的精神科診斷;停止跨性別認同後,心理健康顯著改善,自傷與性別不安程度下降;最初認同為跨性別最常見的原因,是將心理健康問題或創傷反應誤認為性別不安;停止認同的原因主要來自內在轉變,而非外在壓力。研究指出,對某些人而言,停止跨性別認同不僅可行,且具益處。
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10794437/Key Findings
- The vast majority of participants (91%) were natal females, and most reported that their psychological health improved dramatically after detransition, with large decreases in self-harm and gender dysphoria and increases in well-being.
- Fewer than 17% of participants met diagnostic criteria for childhood gender dysphoria, while 53% believed 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria' applied to them—suggesting many developed gender dysphoria suddenly during or after puberty without prior history.
- Participants had very high rates of psychiatric diagnoses (95% had at least one lifetime diagnosis) and self-harm (79%), with most mental health issues predating their transgender identification.
- The most common reason for initial trans-identification was confusing mental health issues or trauma reactions for gender dysphoria; reasons for detransition were primarily internal (own thought processes, realizing causes were more complicated) rather than external pressures like family or discrimination.
- Most participants (68%) had taken medical transition steps including hormones, and 28% had undergone surgery, yet the majority felt inadequately informed about risks and alternatives during the informed consent process.
性別醫學中的醫源性傷害(2023)
Sarah C. J. Jorgensen (Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy)
mental healthdetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careiatrogenic harm
這篇評論認為,『性別肯定模式』正在造成醫源性傷害,越來越多的年輕變性者證明了這一點。作者批評該模式心理評估不足、淡化醫療風險並依賴薄弱證據。它呼籲將變性者視為醫療傷害的倖存者,並敦促公開辯論和研究青少年變性的長期影響,指出許多歐洲國家現在正在採取更謹慎的方法。
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0092623X.2023.2224320Key Findings
- Growing numbers of young people are detransitioning and experiencing regret over permanent physical changes, suggesting problems with the current gender-affirming care model.
- Recent studies indicate 10-30% of youth who undergo medical transition discontinue treatment within 1-4 years, yet long-term data is virtually nonexistent.
- Mental health issues, trauma, and neurodiversity are often inadequately explored before transition, with 'minority stress' frequently used to explain away complex psychological conditions.
- Major medical guidelines largely ignore detransitioners, leaving them without clinical guidance, support, or proper care for lasting hormonal and surgical effects.
- Several countries are shifting away from medical transition as first-line treatment for youth after systematic reviews found weak evidence supporting these interventions.
年輕人的性別不安正在上升——專業分歧也在上升(2023)
Jennifer Block (The BMJ)
diagnostic trendsdetransitionpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewgender-affirming care
這份調查報告強調了關於未成年人醫療轉型的日益增長的國際辯論。雖然美國醫療機構支持'性別肯定護理',但幾個歐洲國家(瑞典、芬蘭、英國)由於證據質量低而敦促謹慎行事。文章質疑醫學共識的說法,指出系統評價發現青少年激素治療的證據質量'低'或'非常低',並指出缺乏長期結果數據。
https://www.bmj.com/content/380/bmj.p382Key Findings
- Rising numbers of young people with gender dysphoria are seeking medical treatment, yet professional opinions are deeply divided—US medical groups broadly support 'gender-affirming care' while several European countries are restricting medical interventions for minors due to insufficient evidence.
- Major US medical organizations describe gender-affirming treatments as 'evidence-based,' but independent experts found serious methodological flaws in their guidelines, including weak evidence paired with strong recommendations and failure to conduct proper systematic reviews of treatment outcomes.
- Systematic reviews by Sweden, Finland, the UK's NICE, and Florida's health agency all concluded that evidence for puberty blockers, hormones, and surgeries in minors is inconclusive, insufficient, or of very low quality—directly contradicting claims of scientific certainty.
- The number of young people discontinuing hormone treatment may be as high as 20-30% within a few years, and 'detransitioners' are increasingly speaking out about harms from early medical interventions that they say were not truly informed consent.
- Clinical practice has shifted rapidly toward faster medicalization, with some teens receiving hormones within 12 months of their first clinic visit and mental health evaluations being de-emphasized, raising concerns about inadequate assessment of whether gender dysphoria will persist.
停止變性需要進一步理解,而非爭議(2023)
Kinnon Ross MacKinnon, Pablo Expósito-Campos, W Ariel Gould (BMJ)
mental healthdetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchgender-affirming care
本文認為,停止變性被研究人員和臨床醫生忽視,導致醫療需求未得到滿足。作者呼籲進行強有力的、非政治化的研究,以了解停止變性者的不同經歷,並指出當前的研究受到短期追蹤時間和選擇偏見的限制。他們強調,改善對停止變性者的護理是全面性別護理的必要部分,最終將通過提供對長期結果的更好理解而使所有跨性別者受益。
www.bmj.com/content/381/bmj-2022-073584Key Findings
- Detransition is poorly understood due to limited research and stigma, leaving people with unmet healthcare needs and no clinical guidelines for care.
- People who detransition are diverse: many are female, transitioned young, and may re-identify with their birth sex, sexual orientation, or continue identifying as trans.
- Common reasons for detransition include persistent or returning gender dysphoria, health concerns, social discrimination, identity exploration, or unresolved dysphoria despite treatment.
- Research on detransition needs major improvements: longer follow-up periods (5-10 years), using patients' preferred language, and including those lost to follow-up to avoid biased conclusions.
- Trans and detrans people share more similarities than differences; studying detransition benefits all gender-diverse individuals and strengthens comprehensive gender care for everyone.
胸部男性化乳房切除術和去性別轉換後的哺乳悲痛(2023)
Karleen D. Gribble, Susan Bewley, Hannah G. Dahlen (Frontiers in Global Women's Health)
detransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchsurgeriescase report
本案例研究詳細描述了一位經歷去性別轉換的女性在胸部男性化乳房切除術後懷孕,並因無法哺乳而經歷深刻悲痛和心理困擾的經歷。報告強調了關於哺乳功能喪失的知情同意的缺乏、醫療保健提供者的理解不足以及母親的情感負擔。
www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgwh.2023.1073053/fullKey Findings
- Breastfeeding is rarely discussed in counseling or consent guidelines for chest masculinization mastectomy, despite the procedure often permanently destroying the ability to produce and deliver milk.
- A detransitioned woman experienced intense grief over her inability to breastfeed, compounded by maternity providers who dismissed her distress or misgendered her due to inadequate training on detransition.
- The most common chest masculinization surgical technique—free nipple grafting—almost certainly precludes breastfeeding, yet existing literature falsely claims outcomes cannot be predicted.
- Research on detransition rates and long-term outcomes of chest masculinization surgery is poor quality, with short follow-up periods and high loss to follow-up that may underestimate regret.
- Health providers need individualized, sex-based care for detransitioned women, including emotional support for breastfeeding grief, donor milk access, and avoidance of assumptions about gender identity.
跨性別青少年與成人中性別肯定荷爾蒙的持續使用(2022)
Christina M. Roberts, David A. Klein, Terry A. Adirim, Natasha A. Schvey, Elizabeth Hisle-Gorman (The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism)
cohort studytransition outcomesmedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careadolescent
這項針對美國軍事醫療系統中952人的研究追蹤了跨性別荷爾蒙的持續/停藥率。雖然約70%的人持續使用荷爾蒙至少4年,但停藥率(中止)為30%——跨男性個體(35.6%停藥)顯著高於跨女性個體(19%)。18歲後開始荷爾蒙的成年人停藥率為35.6%。值得注意的是,近26%(1/4)的未成年開始者停止了治療。這些發現表明中止率可能高於文獻中通常引用的數據,並揭示了開始時的性別和年齡的重要差異。
academic.oup.com/jcem/article/107/9/e3937/6572526Key Findings
- 70% continuation rate at 4 years — roughly 3 in 10 people stopped filling hormone prescriptions within the study period.
- Transfeminine patients continued at higher rates (81%) than transmasculine patients (64%) — females seeking masculinization were 2.4 times more likely to discontinue.
- Minors had higher continuation (74%) than adults (64%) — those who started before 18 were less likely to stop.
- Socioeconomic factors showed no effect — family income, parental military rank, and whether care was officially covered didn't influence continuation rates.
- The study only tracked prescription refills, not reasons or outcomes — continuation does not indicate satisfaction, and the authors could not determine why people stopped.
與去轉變相關的需求與支持:一項橫斷面線上調查(2022)
Elie Vandenbussche (Journal of Homosexuality)
mental healthdetransitiongender dysphoriaautismgender-affirming carecross-sectional surveysocial support
這項針對 237 名去轉變者(92% 為女性)的線上調查發現,存在顯著未被滿足的需求。去轉變的主要原因包括:意識到性別不安與其他問題相關(70%)、健康疑慮(62%),以及轉變未能改善性別不安(50%)。主要需求包括:針對共病狀況與後悔情緒的心理支持、處理併發症的醫療協助,以及與其他去轉變者建立社會連結。許多人表示缺乏支持、與醫療照護提供者互動有負面經驗,並遭到 LGBT 社群的排斥。
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00918369.2021.1919479Key Findings
- Detransitioners report significant unmet psychological needs, including coping with gender dysphoria, comorbid mental health conditions, feelings of regret, and internalized homophobia or sexism.
- Many detransitioners need medical support for stopping or changing hormone therapy, dealing with surgery complications, and accessing reversal procedures, but often face dismissive or uninformed healthcare providers.
- Social connection with other detransitioners is critical—87% wanted to hear others' stories and 76% wanted direct contact—yet many experience isolation and rejection from LGBT+ communities they previously belonged to.
- A large majority (70%) realized their gender dysphoria was related to other underlying issues, and half found that transition did not alleviate their dysphoria, highlighting the need for alternative treatment approaches.
- Overall support for detransitioners is severely lacking: only 18% felt they received enough support, with many reporting negative experiences with medical systems, mental health professionals, and loss of community ties.
運動優勢回顧(2022)
Pigozzi et al (BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine)
medical ethicsgender identitysports medicinetestosteronefairnessinclusiontransgender athletesdifferences of sexual development
Key Findings
- The 2021 IOC framework on gender identity and sex variations is criticized for prioritizing human rights perspectives over medical and scientific evidence, particularly its stance of 'no presumption of advantage' regarding testosterone levels.
- Testosterone is well-established as a performance-enhancing hormone that increases muscle mass and athletic ability, and the authors argue that high testosterone concentrations confer a baseline competitive advantage that must be recognized and mitigated.
- The framework places full responsibility for gender eligibility rules on International Federations (IFs), most of which lack the capacity, resources, and expertise to implement it effectively.
- The authors warn that implementation could lead to two undesirable extremes: either total exclusion of transgender and DSD athletes from competition, or self-identification policies that effectively eliminate meaningful eligibility rules and fair competition.
- The position statement calls for the IOC to provide clear, evidence-based standards for all sports to follow, rather than leaving individual federations to navigate this complex issue alone.
跨性別患者的護理:全科實踐質量改進方法(2022)
Isabel Boyd, Thomas Hackett, Susan Bewley (Healthcare)
cohort studydetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careprimary carequality improvement
英國一項針對68名跨性別患者的初級護理審計發現,沒有一致的全國性監測指南,導致多達三分之二的患者護理不達標。研究揭示了專科服務的長時間等待、高發的共病心理健康狀況以及20%的荷爾蒙停藥率,其中超過一半停藥者提及去過渡或後悔。作者呼籲基於證據的初級護理標準。
www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/121Key Findings
- No UK-wide or international primary care guidelines exist for transgender healthcare, and existing guidance from gender identity clinics is often contradictory, making quality care difficult to deliver.
- Up to two-thirds of transgender patients in the audit did not receive all recommended monitoring standards, largely due to conflicting instructions between different gender identity clinics and international guidelines.
- A significant portion of patients (20%) stopped hormone therapy, with more than half of those citing regret or detransition experiences—raising concerns about current assessment and treatment approaches.
- Patients faced long waits for gender identity clinic appointments (averaging 26 months) and high rates of co-existing mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, self-harm, and autism spectrum disorder.
- The authors call for urgent development of evidence-based, standardized primary care guidelines with measurable quality standards, and recommend this audit approach be replicated nationally to improve understanding of patient outcomes.
性別去過渡:案例研究(2021)
Lisa Marchiano (Journal of Analytical Psychology)
detransitiontraumagender exploratory therapycountertransferencegender dysphoriagender-affirming carecase reportadolescent
這項關於一位年輕成年女性進行性別去過渡的案例研究突出了性別認同發展的複雜性。患者有創傷、自閉症和精神健康共病史。作者強調了對性別不安青年進行徹底心理評估和謹慎、個性化方法的必要性,允許在沒有過早醫療化的情況下進行身份探索。
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-5922.12711Key Findings
- A sharp global rise in adolescents identifying as transgender has been accompanied by increasing numbers of young people detransitioning, particularly natal females.
- The case study of Maya illustrates how gender dysphoria can sometimes reflect unaddressed psychological issues—such as unmetabolized grief, attachment trauma, and family dynamics—rather than a core transgender identity.
- The author critiques the gender affirmative model of care for potentially concretizing distress and foreclosing deeper psychological exploration by immediately affirming a patient's stated gender identity.
- Maya's trans identification served multiple unconscious functions: rejecting her mother, escaping feminine expectations, expressing split-off aggression, and gaining social belonging, while her detransition allowed therapeutic work on these underlying issues.
- The paper argues for psychotherapeutic approaches that maintain symbolic thinking about gender distress and help patients confront bodily and emotional reality, rather than rushing to medical interventions.
英國國家成人性別認同診所出院隊列的護理獲取和去性別轉換頻率:回顧性病例記錄審查(2021)
R. Hall, L. Mitchell, J. Sachdeva (BJPsych Open)
mental healthcohort studydetransitiontraumagender dysphoriagender-affirming careadolescent
Key Findings
- Only 56% of patients completed their planned treatment pathway, with 22% disengaging from care entirely and 19% being re-referred shortly after discharge.
- Hormone therapy was accessed by 94% of those who sought it, but gender reassignment surgery rates were much lower—57% for feminizing and just 26% for masculinizing procedures.
- Four factors were independently linked to worse outcomes: neurodevelopmental disorders, adverse childhood experiences, substance misuse during treatment, and mental health concerns during treatment.
- The detransition rate of 6.9% is notably higher than previously reported UK figures, though the authors note this may still be an underestimate due to limited follow-up time.
- The study raises concerns about implementing streamlined care models uniformly, given the significant heterogeneity and complex needs of patients accessing gender identity services.
性別認同障礙男童的追蹤研究(2021)
Devita Singh, Susan J. Bradley, Kenneth J. Zucker (Frontiers in Psychiatry)
cohort studytransition outcomesdetransitiongender dysphoriagender identity disordersexual orientationchildhooddesistancepersistence
本研究報告了迄今為止最大的因性別不安而轉診至診所的男童樣本(n=139)的追蹤資料。在童年期,男童在平均7.49歲時接受評估,並在平均20.58歲時進行追蹤。在139名男童中,17名(12.2%)被歸類為持續者,122名(87.8%)被歸類為消退者。資料顯示,因性別認同問題轉診至診所的男童具有較高的消退率和較高的雙性戀/男同性戀性傾向率。
www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.632784/fullKey Findings
- Of 139 boys clinic-referred for gender dysphoria in childhood, only 12.2% (17) persisted with gender dysphoria into adolescence/adulthood, while 87.8% (122) desisted.
- A large majority of boys in the study developed a biphilic/androphilic (same-sex attracted) sexual orientation: 63.6% in fantasy and 47.2% in behavior, with an additional quarter reporting no sexual behaviors.
- Boys who persisted with gender dysphoria tended to be older at childhood assessment, from lower social class backgrounds, and showed more severe gender-variant behavior in childhood compared to desisters.
- The study found no significant difference in persistence rates between boys who met full diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder in childhood (13.6%) versus those who were subthreshold (9.8%).
- The authors note this is the largest follow-up study of its kind and discuss implications for contemporary treatment approaches, particularly the increasing practice of early social gender transition which was rare in their sample.
接受過醫學和/或手術過渡治療的性別不安患者隨後停止過渡:對100名停止變性者的調查(2021)
Lisa Littman (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthdetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriarapid-onset gender dysphoriasurvey
這項對100名停止變性者(69%為女性)的調查發現了停止變性的各種原因,包括對出生性別感到更舒適(60%)、對醫療併發症的擔憂(49%),以及意識到他們的性別不安與其他問題如創傷或心理健康狀況有關(38%)。值得注意的是,23%的人將同性戀恐懼症或難以接受同性吸引力作為一個因素。大多數人(55%)認為他們最初的變性評估不足,只有24%的人告知了他們的臨床醫生他們停止了變性。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34665380/Key Findings
- Most detransitioners (69%) were natal females, and the most common reason for detransitioning was becoming more comfortable identifying as their natal sex (60%), not external discrimination.
- A majority (55%) felt they did not receive adequate evaluation from doctors or mental health professionals before starting transition, and nearly half said counseling was overly positive about benefits while downplaying risks.
- Many participants attributed their gender dysphoria to underlying factors such as trauma, mental health conditions (38%), or internalized homophobia (23%), suggesting alternative causes were not fully explored beforehand.
- Social media and online communities played a significant role in encouraging transition, with YouTube videos (48%), blogs (46%), and Tumblr (45%) being major influences; 20% felt socially pressured to transition by friends, partners, or clinicians.
- Only 24% of detransitioners informed their clinicians that they had detransitioned, indicating that official clinic rates likely underestimate the true prevalence of this outcome.
性別跨性別逆轉的類型學及其對醫療保健提供者的影響(2021)
Pablo Expósito-Campos (Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy)
mental healthdetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchautismgender-affirming care
本研究提出首個系統性的性別去轉換(detransition)類型學,以解決臨床人員與研究者在應用此概念時的不一致。該類型學依據個人中止與轉換相關的醫療介入後,是否停止或繼續認同為跨性別來分類。作者討論對醫療提供者的啟示,強調需為去轉換者制定專門的臨床指引。文章亦探討預防去轉換的可能性,指出臨床人員在治療性別不安者時所面臨的挑戰。結論認為,去轉換是一個新興但尚待深入理解的現象,需要專門的醫療支持與更多研究。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33427094/Key Findings
- The paper proposes a new typology distinguishing 'core' detransition (driven by reidentification with birth sex) from 'non-core' detransition (stopping transition while still identifying as transgender due to external pressures or health concerns).
- Healthcare providers should not rely solely on patient self-identification for clinical decisions, as identities can be fluid; comprehensive psychological assessments and differential diagnosis remain essential.
- Clinicians need to provide honest, transparent communication about the benefits, risks, and limitations of gender-affirming treatments to ensure meaningful informed consent.
- Core and non-core detransitioners have different healthcare needs, requiring tailored clinical guidelines—core detransitioners need help coping with dysphoria without medical transition, while non-core detransitioners may need support for discrimination or medical complications.
- Detransition should not be viewed as automatic 'failure' or 'regret'; clinicians must adopt non-judgmental, compassionate approaches with regular long-term follow-ups for all patients.
- Some individuals initially detransition to non-binary identities before fully reidentifying with their birth sex, suggesting non-binary identification can function as a stepping-stone rather than endpoint.
- The paper notes elevated rates of autism spectrum traits among core detransitioners, possibly linked to intense or obsessional interests around gender. This co-occurrence warrants careful clinical screening rather than automatic affirmation.
對性別放棄者/去性別者的研究和服務的迫切需求(2020)
Butler, C. & Hutchinson, A.
mental healthdetransitiongender dysphoriaadolescentdesistanceclinical implicationsresearch gaps
本文強調了越來越多的個人試圖停止或從性別轉變中返回。作者認為,儘管存在這種趨勢,但對這一人群的研究、臨床指導和支持存在顯著不足。他們指出,雖然存在廣泛的轉變協議,但沒有針對那些返回的人的協議,並呼籲緊急關注這一群體的臨床和研究需求。
acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/camh.12361Key Findings
- Desisters and detransitioners—people who stop or reverse gender transitions—exist but are often overlooked in research and clinical care, with no established protocols to support them.
- Reported desistance rates vary dramatically (from 73% to 98% in children), but current data is unreliable due to changing diagnostic criteria, sampling biases, short follow-up periods, and a rapidly evolving patient population.
- Today's gender clinic patients differ significantly from past cohorts: there are far more adolescents, more assigned-female-at-birth patients, more non-binary individuals, more who have already socially transitioned, and more with co-occurring conditions like autism or mental health issues.
- Common factors associated with desistance include lower intensity gender dysphoria, greater body acceptance, resolution of contributing issues like homophobic bullying or family difficulties, and eventual gay or lesbian identity.
- Clinical care should be non-judgmental, view gender and sexual identity as potentially fluid, address social context and support systems, connect people to peer groups, and ensure access to medical professionals who can help reverse prior interventions when needed.