Geschlechterverhältnis kippte: Jugend-Genderkliniken in Toronto und Amsterdam sahen ab 2006 mehr Mädchen als Jungen

Belege für ein verändertes Geschlechterverhältnis bei an Kliniken überwiesenen Jugendlichen mit Geschlechtsdysphorie

Kohorten- & Registerstudien Steigende Diagnosen & sozialer Einfluss

Authors: Madison Aitken, Thomas D. Steensma, Ray Blanchard, Doug P. VanderLaan, Hayley Wood, Amanda Fuentes, Cathy Spegg, Lori Wasserman, et al.
Journal: The Journal of Sexual Medicine
Year: 2015
Source: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12817

Summary

Researchers from gender clinics in Toronto and Amsterdam checked whether the mix of boys and girls referred for gender dysphoria in their teens had changed. Across 748 referrals, both clinics showed the same pattern. Before about 2006 more teens born male were referred. From 2006 to 2013 teens born female clearly outnumbered them. Among Toronto teens referred for other mental health problems, the balance of boys and girls hardly moved, suggesting something specific to gender referrals. Referral numbers also rose steadily. This was one of the first published reports of the shift later seen around the world. It reliably shows a change in who was referred to two clinics, but cannot say why. The authors suggested social and cultural reasons, but did not test them.

Key findings

Die Studie betrachtete 748 Jugendliche, die wegen Geschlechtsdysphorie an Kliniken in Toronto (328 Jugendliche, 1976–2013) und Amsterdam (420 Jugendliche, 1989–2013) überwiesen wurden.
In Toronto wurden 1999–2005 etwa 2 Jungen pro Mädchen überwiesen (36 Jungen, 17 Mädchen). In 2006–2013 kehrte sich dies auf etwa 1,8 Mädchen pro Junge um (73 Jungen, 129 Mädchen).
In Amsterdam wurden 1989–2005 1,4 Jungen pro Mädchen überwiesen (109 Jungen, 77 Mädchen). In 2006–2013 kehrte es sich auf 1,7 Mädchen pro Junge um (86 Jungen, 148 Mädchen).
Bei Jugendlichen in Toronto, die wegen anderer Probleme überwiesen wurden, änderte sich das Verhältnis kaum (etwa 2,2 Jungen pro Mädchen, dann 2 Jungen pro Mädchen), die Verschiebung war also spezifisch für Überweisungen wegen Geschlechtsfragen.
Die Überweisungszahlen in Toronto stiegen zwischen 1976 und 2013 Jahr für Jahr stark an.
In Toronto stieg der Anteil der weiblich geborenen Jugendlichen, die nicht ausschließlich zu Frauen hingezogen waren, von 11,4 % vor 2006 auf 36,0 % in 2006–2013.
Die Autoren nannten soziale und kulturelle Gründe für die Umkehrung, prüften sie aber nicht.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: The number of adolescents referred to specialized gender identity clinics for gender dysphoria appears to be increasing and there also appears to be a corresponding shift in the sex ratio, from one favoring natal males to one favoring natal females. AIM: We conducted two quantitative studies to ascertain whether there has been a recent inversion of the sex ratio of adolescents referred for gender dysphoria. METHODS: The sex ratio of adolescents from two specialized gender identity clinics was examined as a function of two cohort periods (2006-2013 vs. prior years). Study 1 was conducted on patients from a clinic in Toronto, and Study 2 was conducted on patients from a clinic in Amsterdam. RESULTS: Across both clinics, the total sample size was 748. In both clinics, there was a significant change in the sex ratio of referred adolescents between the two cohort periods: between 2006 and 2013, the sex ratio favored natal females, but in the prior years, the sex ratio favored natal males. In Study 1 from Toronto, there was no corresponding change in the sex ratio of 6,592 adolescents referred for other clinical problems. CONCLUSIONS: Sociological and sociocultural explanations are offered to account for this recent inversion in the sex ratio of adolescents with gender dysphoria.

Conclusion

In both the Toronto and Amsterdam clinics the sex ratio of adolescents referred for gender dysphoria inverted from favouring natal males before 2006 to favouring natal females in 2006–2013, with no matching change among adolescents referred to the Toronto service for other clinical problems. The authors offer sociological and sociocultural explanations for this recent inversion.

Methodological limitations

Counts referrals, not how common dysphoria is: Referral numbers reflect who seeks help, public awareness, referral routes and clinic capacity. They cannot show how many young people in the population have gender dysphoria.
Only two clinics: Results from Toronto and Amsterdam may not apply to other clinics or countries, though later reports from other clinics found similar shifts.
Cut-off chosen after seeing the data: The 2006 dividing line was picked by looking at the data, and the earlier periods differ between clinics (1999–2005 in Toronto, 1989–2005 in Amsterdam).
Small numbers in the early period: Toronto's 1999–2005 group had only 53 teens, so the starting ratio is imprecise.
Explanations not tested: The social and cultural reasons the authors suggest are guesses. The study collected nothing on social media, friends' influence, other mental health conditions or other possible causes.
Little clinical detail: The analysis covers mostly sex, age, year of referral and sexual orientation. It has no information on other mental health conditions, when dysphoria began, diagnosis or what happened later.
Sexual orientation recorded by clinic staff: Attraction was categorised in clinic records, and how this was recorded may have changed over the decades.
Data end in 2013: The study comes before the steepest rises later reported by many clinics, so it only captures the start of the trend.

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Summary

Key findings

Abstract

Conclusion