Summary
To prepare its 2017 guideline on hormone treatment for trans people, the Endocrine Society (a body of hormone doctors) paid Mayo Clinic reviewers to gather all studies on cross-sex hormones and heart health. They found 29 studies. Almost all simply observed patients, and many had no comparison group. Testosterone in trans men worsened cholesterol, raising 'bad' cholesterol and blood fats and lowering 'good' cholesterol. Estrogen in trans women raised blood fats. Heart attacks, strokes, blood clots and deaths were too rarely reported to measure risk, though they were more common in trans women. The reviewers judged the evidence low quality. The review mainly shows how little was known about heart safety when the guideline was written. Larger studies published since (for example Getahun 2018 and Nota 2019) are not included.
Key findings
- Обзор был оплачен Эндокринным обществом для поддержки его руководства 2017 года по лечению гендерной дисфории (дистресса из-за своего пола) гормонами.
- Он включил 29 исследований, охватывающих 3 231 транс-женщину и 1 500 транс-мужчин; лишь в 1 лечение назначалось случайно, 17 просто сравнивали людей до и после, а группа сравнения была только в 4.
- У транс-мужчин через 2 и более года тестостерон был связан с более высокими жирами крови (триглицеридами, на 21,4 мг/дл больше), более высоким «плохим» холестерином (на 17,8 мг/дл больше) и более низким «хорошим» холестерином (на величину до 8,5 мг/дл меньше).
- У транс-женщин жиры крови были выше через 2 и более года (на 31,9 мг/дл больше), без явных изменений холестерина.
- Среди транс-женщин исследования сообщали о 56 тромбах у 1 767 человек, 14 инфарктах у 1 073, 8 инсультах у 859 и 139 смертях у 1 486, включая 23 смерти, связанные с сердцем, и 26 самоубийств.
- Среди транс-мужчин исследования сообщали лишь об 1 тромбе у 771, 1 инфаркте у 478, отсутствии инсультов у 340 и 13 смертях у 651.
- Рецензенты оценили общие доказательства как низкого качества, вероятно, затронутые избирательным сообщением, с малым количеством данных о событиях со здоровьем, наиболее важных для пациентов.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Transgender individuals receive cross-sex hormonal therapy to induce desired secondary sexual characteristics despite limited data regarding its effects on cardiovascular health. METHODS: A comprehensive search of several databases up to 7 April 2015 was conducted for studies evaluating the effect of sex steroid use on lipids, myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thromboembolism (VTE), and mortality in transgender individuals. Pairs of reviewers selected and appraised the studies. A random-effects model was used to pool weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: We found 29 eligible studies with moderate risk of bias. In female-to-male (FTM) individuals, sex steroid therapy was associated with statistically significant increases in serum triglyceride (TG) levels at 3 to 6 months and at ≥24 months (21.4 mg/dL; 95% CI: 0.14 to 42.6) and in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels at 12 months and ≥24 months (17.8 mg/dL; 95% CI: 3.5 to 32.1). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels decreased significantly across all follow-up periods (highest at ≥24 months, -8.5 mg/dL; 95% CI: -13.0 to -3.9). In male-to-female (MTF) individuals, serum TG levels were significantly higher at ≥24 months (31.9 mg/dL; 95% CI: 3.9 to 59.9) without any changes in other parameters. Few myocardial infarction, stroke, VTE, and death events were reported (more frequently in MTF individuals). CONCLUSIONS: Low-quality evidence suggests that sex steroid therapy may increase LDL-C and TG levels and decrease HDL-C level in FTM individuals, whereas oral estrogens may increase TG levels in MTF individuals. Data about important patient outcomes remain sparse.
Conclusion
Low-quality evidence suggests that sex steroid therapy may increase LDL-C and TG levels and decrease HDL-C level in FTM individuals, whereas oral estrogens may increase TG levels in MTF individuals. Data about important patient outcomes remain sparse.