Keine Unterschiede in der psychischen Gesundheit bei sozial transitionierten Kindern

Auswirkungen des sozialen Übergangs in Bezug auf das Geschlecht bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Ein systematisches Review

Systematische Übersichten & Evidenzberichte Desistance im Kindesalter Psychische Gesundheit & Suizidalität

Authors: Ruth Hall, Jo Taylor, Catherine Elizabeth Hewitt, Claire Heathcote, Stuart William Jarvis, Trilby Langton, Lorna Fraser
Journal: Archives of Disease in Childhood
Year: 2024
Source: adc.bmj.com/content/109/Suppl_2/s12

Summary

Social transition means changing name, pronouns or appearance to live as another gender. York researchers found only 11 studies of how this affects children and teenagers with gender dysphoria, mostly of low quality. Most were one-off snapshots rather than following children over time. Many recruited through support groups, and five used the same group of US children. Socially transitioned children generally did not differ in mental health from comparison groups. Results for teenagers conflicted: using a chosen name was linked to less depression, but transitioning as a teenager was linked to more suicide attempts than transitioning as an adult. Two studies linked childhood transition to dysphoria lasting longer. The authors conclude that neither benefit nor harm has been shown. The review supports 'we do not know'. Critics have disputed how the York reviews judged study quality.

Key findings

Von mehr als 28.000 Datensätzen in fünf Forschungsdatenbanken bis April 2022 qualifizierten sich nur 11 Studien. Acht waren einmalige Momentaufnahmen, und nur eine verfolgte Kinder über die Zeit.
Die Qualität war niedrig bis mittel, mit 1,5 bis 5 von 8 Punkten. Das Hauptproblem waren Stichproben von Personen, die freiwillig teilnahmen oder von Kliniken überwiesen wurden, und nur 3 Studien maßen Ergebnisse nach einem Nachbeobachtungszeitraum.
Fünf der 11 Studien nutzten dasselbe US-Projekt, das über Selbsthilfegruppen rekrutierte. Dessen Familien waren wohlhabender als der Durchschnitt, und die meisten Eltern unterstützten die frühe Transition.
Kinder, die sozial transitionierten, zeigten keinen Unterschied bei Depression im Vergleich zur Allgemeinbevölkerung, zu Geschwistern oder zugeordneten Kindern. Eltern berichteten aber über mehr Angst als in der Allgemeinbevölkerung und bei zugeordneten Kindern.
Bei Jugendlichen hing die Verwendung eines gewählten Namens mit weniger Depressionssymptomen und weniger Suizidgedanken zusammen. Eine Studie fand aber, dass eine Transition als Jugendlicher statt als Erwachsener mit mehr Suizidgedanken im vergangenen Jahr und mehr Suizidversuchen im Leben zusammenhing.
Zwei Studien brachten die soziale Transition in der Kindheit mit anhaltender Dysphorie in Verbindung. Eine fand, dass sie eher bis in die Teenagerjahre bestehen blieb (eindeutig bei männlich geborenen Kindern). Eine andere fand, dass sich etwa 5,4 Jahre später noch 92,7 % als transgender identifizierten und die meisten zu einer medizinischen Behandlung übergingen.
Die Autoren folgern, dass keine Studie Kinder mit einer fairen Vergleichsgruppe über die Zeit verfolgt hat. Ärzte und Leitlinien sollten eingestehen, dass es weder für einen Nutzen noch für einen Schaden starke Evidenz gibt.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of children and adolescents experiencing gender dysphoria or incongruence are being referred to specialist gender services. Historically, social transitioning prior to assessment was rare but it is becoming more common. AIM: To identify and synthesise studies assessing the outcomes of social transition for children and adolescents (under 18) experiencing gender dysphoria/incongruence. METHODS: A systematic review and narrative sythesis. Database searches (Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science) were perfomed in April 2022. Studies reporting any outcome of social transition (full or partial) for children and adolescents experiencing gender dysphoria/incongruence were included. An adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies was used to appraise study quality. RESULTS: Eleven studies were included (children (n=8) and adolescents (n=3)) and most were of low quality. The majority were from the US, featured community samples and cross-sectional analyses. Different comparator groups were used, and outcomes related to mental health and gender identity reported. Overall studies consistently reported no difference in mental health outcomes for children who socially transitioned across all comparators. Studies found mixed evidence for adolescents who socially transitioned. CONCLUSIONS: It is difficult to assess the impact of social transition on children/adolescents due to the small volume and low quality of research in this area. Importantly, there are no prospective longitudinal studies with appropriate comparator groups assessing the impact of social transition on mental health or gender-related outcomes for children/adolescents. Professionals working in the area of gender identity and those seeking support should be aware of the absence of robust evidence of the benefits or harms of social transition for children and adolescents. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42021289659.

Conclusion

The studies included in this review are of low quality, therefore, it is difficult to assess the impact of social transition in this population. Importantly, there are no prospective longitudinal studies with appropriate comparator groups which have assessed the impact of social transition on the mental health or gender-related outcomes for children or adolescents experiencing gender dysphoria/incongruence. Healthcare professionals, clinical guidelines and advocacy organisations should acknowledge the lack of robust evidence of the benefits or harms of social transition when working with children, adolescents and their families.

Methodological limitations

Weak studies: 8 of the 11 studies were one-time snapshots, quality scores ranged from 1.5 to 5 out of 8, and none followed children forward with a fair comparison group. So the review cannot say social transition caused any result (the authors agree).
The same children counted more than once: Five studies came from one US project and two from the Amsterdam clinic. 'Consistent' findings partly reflect the same children being counted again.
Poor comparison groups: None of the community studies of children had a suitable comparison group. Several compared transitioned children with the general population or with siblings without dysphoria, which cannot show whether transition helped or harmed.
Other explanations for lasting dysphoria: Children with stronger dysphoria may be more likely to transition. That could explain the link with dysphoria lasting, rather than transition causing it.
Results tallied, not combined: The studies were too different to combine mathematically, so the review mostly counted which direction results pointed. This ignores how big or how precise each result was.
Many tests in small studies: Small studies tested many outcomes (one study tested six measures of suicidality, and two came out positive). Single striking results in either direction may be chance (the authors note this).
Out of date and English only: Searches ended in April 2022 and only English-language journal studies were included (the authors note this), so later studies are missing.
Unclear measurement: Social transition was defined broadly and mostly reported by parents or the young people themselves. Only 3 studies measured it in a standard way, and definitions varied a lot.
May not apply to today's clinic patients: Most studies were US-based and drew on community or support-group samples. These may not resemble the mostly female teenagers whose dysphoria began in adolescence who now make up most clinic referrals.
Published criticism of the York reviews: Noone et al. (2025) and a Yale Integrity Project paper (McNamara et al., 2024) argued that the way the York reviews judged quality, and their conclusions, were flawed. Others have defended the reviews.
Paid for by NHS England: The review was funded to inform the Cass Review. The authors declare no conflicts and say the funder played no part in how it was done or interpreted.

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