مرگ ناشی از خودکشی پس از جراحی تغییر جنسیت ۱۹ برابر جمعیت همتا: کوهورت ۳۰ ساله در سوئد

پیگیری بلندمدت افراد ترنسکسوال تحت جراحی تغییر جنسیت: مطالعهٔ کوهورت در سوئد

مطالعات کوهورت و ثبت‌ها جراحی سلامت روان و خودکشی

Authors: Cecilia Dhejne, Paul Lichtenstein, Marcus Boman, Anna L. V. Johansson, Niklas Långström, Mikael Landén
Journal: PLOS ONE
Year: 2011
Source: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0016885

Summary

Swedish researchers used national records to follow everyone who had sex reassignment surgery and changed legal sex between 1973 and 2003. They compared each person with ten random people of the same age and sex. Over about 11 years, the reassigned group died about three times as often and died by suicide about 19 times as often. They were about five times as likely to attempt suicide and three times as likely to be admitted for psychiatric care, even after allowing for earlier psychiatric admissions. The gaps in deaths and suicide attempts were mainly among people treated before 1989. The authors concluded that surgery, while easing gender distress, is not enough on its own, and better long-term care is needed. Because the comparison was with the general public, not trans people who did not transition, the study cannot say whether surgery made things better or worse.

Key findings

همهٔ 324 نفر در سوئد که بین 1973 و 2003 جراحی تغییر جنسیت داشتند و جنس قانونی خود را تغییر دادند (191 مرد به زن، 133 زن به مرد) با 3,240 نفر از عموم مردم با همان سال تولد و جنس مقایسه شدند.
مرگ به هر علت حدود 3 برابر بیشتر از افراد هم‌جنس تولد بود و این تفاوت پس از حدود 10 سال آشکار شد.
مرگ با خودکشی حدود 19 برابر بیشتر بود، بر پایهٔ 10 خودکشی در میان 324 نفر در برابر 5 در گروه مقایسه. رقم واقعی بسیار نامطمئن است (از حدود 6 تا 63 برابر).
اقدام به خودکشی حدود 5 برابر و بستری روان‌پزشکی حدود 3 برابر بیشتر بود، حتی پس از احتساب بستری‌های روان‌پزشکی پیش از جراحی که در گروه تغییرجنسیت‌داده‌شده حدود 4 برابر شایع‌تر بود.
مرگ ناشی از بیماری قلبی و عروقی تا حدی بالاتر بود (حدود 2.5 برابر؛ 9 مرگ) و مرگ ناشی از سرطان احتمالاً بالاتر بود (حدود 2 برابر). نویسندگان هشدار می‌دهند شمار موارد کم بود و هورمون‌ها را مقصر ندانستند.
برای کسانی که از 1989 تا 2003 درمان شدند، مرگ‌ها و اقدام‌های اضافی به خودکشی ممکن بود تصادفی باشد، هرچند بستری‌های روان‌پزشکی همچنان حدود 2.5 برابر بیشتر بود.
مردان ترنس (زن به مرد) محکومیت‌های کیفری بیشتری از سایر زنان داشتند، تقریباً هم‌سطح مردان؛ زنان ترنس (مرد به زن) با سایر مردان تفاوتی نداشتند.
نویسندگان می‌گویند این مطالعه نمی‌تواند نشان دهد تغییر جنسیت به‌عنوان درمان مؤثر است یا نه، و ممکن است نتایج بدون آن حتی بدتر هم می‌بود.

Abstract

Context: The treatment for transsexualism is sex reassignment, including hormonal treatment and surgery aimed at making the person's body as congruent with the opposite sex as possible. There is a dearth of long term, follow-up studies after sex reassignment.

Objective: To estimate mortality, morbidity, and criminal rate after surgical sex reassignment of transsexual persons.

Design: A population-based matched cohort study.

Setting: Sweden, 1973-2003.

Participants: All 324 sex-reassigned persons (191 male-to-females, 133 female-to-males) in Sweden, 1973-2003. Random population controls (10:1) were matched by birth year and birth sex or reassigned (final) sex, respectively.

Main Outcome Measures: Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for mortality and psychiatric morbidity were obtained with Cox regression models, which were adjusted for immigrant status and psychiatric morbidity prior to sex reassignment (adjusted HR [aHR]).

Results: The overall mortality for sex-reassigned persons was higher during follow-up (aHR 2.8; 95% CI 1.8-4.3) than for controls of the same birth sex, particularly death from suicide (aHR 19.1; 95% CI 5.8-62.9). Sex-reassigned persons also had an increased risk for suicide attempts (aHR 4.9; 95% CI 2.9-8.5) and psychiatric inpatient care (aHR 2.8; 95% CI 2.0-3.9). Comparisons with controls matched on reassigned sex yielded similar results. Female-to-males, but not male-to-females, had a higher risk for criminal convictions than their respective birth sex controls.

Conclusions: Persons with transsexualism, after sex reassignment, have considerably higher risks for mortality, suicidal behaviour, and psychiatric morbidity than the general population. Our findings suggest that sex reassignment, although alleviating gender dysphoria, may not suffice as treatment for transsexualism, and should inspire improved psychiatric and somatic care after sex reassignment for this patient group.

Conclusion

Persons with transsexualism, after sex reassignment, have considerably higher risks for mortality, suicidal behaviour, and psychiatric morbidity than the general population. Our findings suggest that sex reassignment, although alleviating gender dysphoria, may not suffice as treatment for transsexualism, and should inspire improved psychiatric and somatic care after sex reassignment for this patient group.

Methodological limitations

No untreated comparison group: The comparison was with the general public, not people with gender dysphoria who did not have surgery. So the study cannot judge whether treatment made things better or worse. The authors say the results should not be read as showing that surgery itself causes illness or death.
Few other factors allowed for: The analysis only took account of earlier psychiatric hospital stays and being an immigrant. Earlier outpatient mental health problems, drug and alcohol use, smoking, poverty, HIV and discrimination were not accounted for.
Older treatment era: Most of the group were treated in the 1970s and 1980s. For those treated from 1989 to 2003, extra deaths and suicide attempts could have been chance, so the overall figures may overstate the risk for later patients.
Few deaths, uncertain figures: The 19-times suicide figure rests on 10 suicides (versus 5 in the comparison group), so the true figure could be anywhere from about 6 to 63 times higher. There were only 9 heart deaths, and the authors note the study was too small to be precise.
Hospital stays only: Mental illness was measured only by psychiatric hospital stays, because reliable outpatient data were not available. This undercounts mental illness, and differences in who gets admitted could skew the comparison.
Surgery worked out indirectly: Who had surgery was worked out from hospital diagnosis codes plus a change of legal sex. The exact operations were not recorded, and the diagnosis code used was not specific.
No hormone or lifestyle data: Type, dose and length of hormone use and smoking were not recorded, so the extra heart and cancer deaths cannot be blamed on cross-sex hormones. The authors note most cancers seen were unlikely to be hormone-related.
No measures of benefit: The study did not measure gender distress, quality of life or satisfaction, so it says nothing about whether surgery relieved distress.
Small subgroups: Comparisons between male-to-female and female-to-male groups, including the crime results, were too small to be reliable, as the authors admit.
May not apply today: Patients were mostly adults treated under strict Swedish rules before 2004, mainly born male. Results may not apply to today's larger, younger, mostly female patients or to people who transition without surgery.
Rough start date: The date of surgery was estimated from hospital records. According to the authors, this could slightly undercount some events but not deaths.
Often misquoted: The lead author has said publicly that the paper is often wrongly cited as proof that transition causes suicide (TransAdvocate interview 2015; Reddit Q&A 2017). The paper itself does not claim cause either way.

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Summary

Key findings

Abstract

Conclusion