Summary

Researchers at a gender clinic in Bari, Italy, checked 118 adults with gender dysphoria for dissociation, which means feeling cut off from your body, yourself or your surroundings. They used a clinical interview and a questionnaire, then checked again after hormone treatment and, for some, surgery. About 3 in 10 met criteria for a dissociative disorder. These patients more often had a history of depression, suicide attempts and childhood trauma. Dissociation was lower after treatment. The authors suggest that some of this "dissociation" may really be part of distress about one's body, and that standard tests struggle to tell the two apart. The high rates point to complex needs when people are first assessed. But the improvement comes from one clinic, with no comparison group and short follow-up, so it cannot show that treatment caused it.

Key findings

• Az olaszországi Bari nemi identitás klinikáján részt vevő 118, nemi diszfóriával élő felnőttet (82 férfiként, 36 nőként született) vizsgálták.
• 29,6% (nagyjából 10-ből 3) megfelelt valamilyen disszociatív zavar kritériumainak egy klinikai interjúban; csak egy beteg (0,8%) felelt meg a többszörös személyiségzavar kritériumainak.
• 45,8%-nak volt már valamikor súlyos depressziója, 21,2% kísérelt meg öngyilkosságot, és 45,8% számolt be gyerekkori traumáról.
• A depresszió, az öngyilkossági kísérletek és a gyerekkori trauma mind gyakoribb volt a disszociatív zavarral élő betegeknél.
• A betegek kevesebb disszociációról számoltak be az ellenkező nemű hormonok és egyeseknél a műtét utáni követésnél.
• A szerzők szerint a saját testtel kapcsolatos szenvedés átfedésben van a disszociációval, így a jelenlegi tesztek nehezen különítik el őket.
• A betegek ugyanannak a bari kutatási programnak a részei voltak, amely a szerzők 2013-as és 2014-es, a hormonkezelésről szóló cikkeit előállította.

Abstract

This study evaluated dissociative symptomatology, childhood trauma and body uneasiness in 118 individuals with gender dysphoria, also evaluating dissociative symptoms in follow-up assessments after sex reassignment procedures were performed. We used both clinical interviews (Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule) and self-reported scales (Dissociative Experiences Scale). A dissociative disorder of any kind seemed to be greatly prevalent (29.6%). Moreover, individuals with gender dysphoria had a high prevalence of lifetime major depressive episode (45.8%), suicide attempts (21.2%) and childhood trauma (45.8%), and all these conditions were more frequent in patients who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for any kind of dissociative disorder. Finally, when treated, patients reported lower dissociative symptoms. Results confirmed previous research about distress in gender dysphoria and improved mental health due to sex reassignment procedures. However, it resulted to be difficult to ascertain dissociation in the context of gender dysphoria, because of the similarities between the two conditions and the possible limited application of clinical instruments which do not provide an adequate differential diagnosis. Therefore, because the body uneasiness is common to dissociative experiences and gender dysphoria, the question is whether dissociation is to be seen not as an expression of pathological dissociative experiences but as a genuine feature of gender dysphoria.

Conclusion

Results confirmed previous research about distress in gender dysphoria and improved mental health due to sex reassignment procedures. However, it resulted to be difficult to ascertain dissociation in the context of gender dysphoria, because of the similarities between the two conditions and the possible limited application of clinical instruments which do not provide an adequate differential diagnosis. Therefore, because the body uneasiness is common to dissociative experiences and gender dysphoria, the question is whether dissociation is to be seen not as an expression of pathological dissociative experiences but as a genuine feature of gender dysphoria.