Summary

Researchers tested 85 gender-nonconforming young children, none yet socially transitioned, on tasks about gender identity and liking for toys, clothes and playmates. About two years later they checked whether the children had transitioned (changed pronouns). 36 had. Children who identified more strongly with the other sex at first testing were more likely to have transitioned, and their scores already looked like those of transitioned children and of children of the other sex. The authors conclude that childhood transitions are not random, and that transition itself does not seem to strengthen identification with the other sex. But the group was small, self-selected and from liberal, well-off families. Follow-up was short. The result was a parents' decision, not long-term identity. And the 'no change' claim compares different children, not the same child before and after.

Key findings

• Sebanyak 85 anak yang tidak sesuai norma gender dan belum bertransisi secara sosial diuji dan ditindaklanjuti sekitar 25 bulan kemudian rata-rata.
• Sebanyak 36 anak (41%) telah bertransisi secara sosial dengan mengubah kata ganti pada tindak lanjut; 49 belum.
• Anak yang mengidentifikasi diri lebih kuat dengan lawan jenis di awal sekitar 4 kali lebih mungkin bertransisi (sekitar 5 kali setelah memperhitungkan faktor lain).
• Anak dengan skor menengah memiliki peluang prediksi sekitar 30% untuk bertransisi, dibandingkan sekitar 48% untuk anak dengan skor tinggi.
• Anak yang kemudian bertransisi memperoleh skor sekitar sama dengan anak yang sudah bertransisi dan anak lawan jenis.
• Anak laki-laki sekitar 4 kali lebih mungkin bertransisi daripada anak perempuan, dan jeda yang lebih lama sebelum tindak lanjut juga memprediksi transisi.
• Orang tua sangat liberal secara politik dan berpendapatan tinggi, dan para penulis mengatakan angka transisi 41% kemungkinan melebih-lebihkan angka untuk anak yang tidak sesuai norma gender pada umumnya.

Abstract

Increasing numbers of gender-nonconforming children are socially transitioning-changing pronouns to live as their identified genders. We studied a cohort of gender-nonconforming children (n = 85) and contacted them again approximately 2 years later. When recontacted, 36 of the children had socially transitioned. We found that stronger cross-sex identification and preferences expressed by gender-nonconforming children at initial testing predicted whether they later socially transitioned. We then compared the gender-nonconforming children with groups of transitioned transgender children (n = 84) and gender-conforming controls (n = 85). Children from our longitudinal cohort who would later transition were highly similar to transgender children (children who had already socially transitioned) and to control children of the gender to which they would eventually transition. Gender-nonconforming children who would not go on to transition were different from these groups. These results suggest that (a) social transitions may be predictable from gender identification and preferences and (b) gender identification and preferences may not meaningfully differ before and after social transitions.

Conclusion

Despite limitations and a need for future replications, this study provides preliminary evidence that extremity of identification with the gender opposite one's assigned sex predicts childhood social transitions. Moreover, differences in gender extremity likely exist prior to—and not because of—social transitions.