Phần lớn trẻ bị khủng hoảng giới tính có kiểu gắn bó nguy cơ cao, giống trẻ mắc các rối loạn tâm thần khác

Các kiểu gắn bó ở trẻ em và thanh thiếu niên bị khủng hoảng giới tính

Nghiên cứu thuần tập & sổ bộ Tự kỷ, chấn thương & các tình trạng đồng mắc

Authors: Kasia Kozlowska, Catherine Chudleigh, Georgia McClure, Ann M. Maguire, Geoffrey R. Ambler
Journal: Frontiers in Psychology
Year: 2021
Source: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582688

Summary

Clinicians at the Children's Hospital at Westmead in Sydney interviewed 57 children and teens referred for gender distress. The interviews measured attachment, meaning how a child bonds with and relies on carers, and were scored by coders who did not know which group the child was in. Compared with matched children from the community, the gender-referred children were far more likely to show 'at-risk' attachment and unresolved loss or trauma. They had more hard childhood experiences such as abuse or family breakdown (5.5 vs 1.7 on average), and only 35% lived with both birth parents. Their attachment patterns looked the same as those of children referred for other mental health problems. The authors call for assessment of the whole child and family. The study cannot show that attachment problems cause gender distress, and it comes from one clinic using a specialised scoring system.

Key findings

57 trong 70 trẻ được giới thiệu đến dịch vụ giới tính Westmead giữa tháng 12 năm 2013 và tháng 6 năm 2017 đã tham gia các cuộc phỏng vấn có cấu trúc về sự gắn bó, dùng các phiên bản được thiết kế cho trẻ em tuổi đi học và thiếu niên lớn hơn.
Trẻ có phiền muộn giới chủ yếu được xếp vào nhóm gắn bó nguy cơ cao, không giống 57 trẻ cộng đồng cùng tuổi và giới tính. Chỉ 8 trẻ (14%) cho thấy các kiểu mẫu điển hình, lành mạnh. Sự khác biệt quá lớn để có thể là ngẫu nhiên.
Họ cũng có nhiều mất mát hoặc chấn thương chưa được giải quyết hơn nhiều so với trẻ cộng đồng.
Các kiểu gắn bó và tỷ lệ mất mát hoặc chấn thương chưa được giải quyết của họ không khác với 51 trẻ có nhiều vấn đề sức khỏe tâm thần khác nhau.
50 trong 57 trẻ (88%) có các chẩn đoán sức khỏe tâm thần khác, và hoạt động hàng ngày của họ bị suy giảm, đạt khoảng 55 trên 100 điểm trung bình.
Trẻ được giới thiệu vì vấn đề giới có trung bình 5,5 trải nghiệm khó khăn thời thơ ấu, như lạm dụng, bỏ bê hoặc tan vỡ gia đình, so với 1,7 ở trẻ cộng đồng. Chỉ 35% sống với cả cha mẹ ruột, so với 75%.
Thu nhập và địa vị gia đình thấp hơn, cấu trúc gia đình không truyền thống và các trải nghiệm khó khăn bao gồm lạm dụng hoặc bỏ bê có liên quan đến gắn bó nguy cơ cao.

Abstract

The current study examines patterns of attachment/self-protective strategies and rates of unresolved loss/trauma in children and adolescents presenting to a multidisciplinary gender service. Fifty-seven children and adolescents (8.42-15.92 years; 24 birth-assigned males and 33 birth-assigned females) presenting with gender dysphoria participated in structured attachment interviews coded using dynamic-maturational model (DMM) discourse analysis. The children with gender dysphoria were compared to age- and sex-matched children from the community (non-clinical group) and a group of school-age children with mixed psychiatric disorders (mixed psychiatric group). Information about adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), mental health diagnoses, and global level of functioning was also collected. In contrast to children in the non-clinical group, who were classified primarily into the normative attachment patterns (A1-2, B1-5, and C1-2) and who had low rates of unresolved loss/trauma, children with gender dysphoria were mostly classified into the high-risk attachment patterns (A3-4, A5-6, C3-4, C5-6, and A/C) (χ2 = 52.66; p < 0.001) and had a high rate of unresolved loss/trauma (χ2 = 18.64; p < 0.001). Comorbid psychiatric diagnoses (n = 50; 87.7%) and a history of self-harm, suicidal ideation, or symptoms of distress were also common. Global level of functioning was impaired (range 25-95/100; mean = 54.88; SD = 15.40; median = 55.00). There were no differences between children with gender dysphoria and children with mixed psychiatric disorders on attachment patterns (χ2 = 2.43; p = 0.30) and rates of unresolved loss and trauma (χ2 = 0.70; p = 0.40). Post hoc analyses showed that lower SES, family constellation (a non-traditional family unit), ACEs-including maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence)-increased the likelihood of the child being classified into a high risk attachment pattern. Akin to children with other forms of psychological distress, children with gender dysphoria present in the context of multiple interacting risk factors that include at-risk attachment, unresolved loss/trauma, family conflict and loss of family cohesion, and exposure to multiple ACEs.

Conclusion

Akin to children with other forms of psychological distress, children with gender dysphoria present in the context of multiple interacting risk factors that include at-risk attachment, unresolved loss/trauma, family conflict and loss of family cohesion, and exposure to multiple ACEs. The authors conclude that gender dysphoria in children arises in association with developmental pathways shaped by disruptions to family stability, adverse experiences and socioeconomic status, and that treatment requires a comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment of the child and family, followed by interventions addressing the breadth of interconnected factors.

Methodological limitations

One snapshot in time: Attachment was measured once when children arrived at the clinic. So the study cannot show whether attachment problems came before, contributed to, or resulted from gender distress, as the authors admit.
One clinic: All children came from one hospital gender service. 57 of 70 referred children (81%) took part, and those who said no may differ.
Poorly matched mental health group: The mental health comparison group was recruited years earlier for another study, was younger (aged 5 to 12, vs 8 to 15) and had a different mix of boys and girls. That weakens the key conclusion that these children are 'like' other mental health patients.
Community children found differently: The community group was recruited through hospital staff, their friends and youth clubs. These families may differ from referred families in ways that have nothing to do with gender distress.
Specialised scoring system: The attachment scoring method is used by a fairly small group of trained coders. Two coders agreed 85% of the time for one interview type, but only 70% (only fair agreement) for the school-age interviews.
Clinicians agreed ratings among themselves: Ratings of distress and family functioning were agreed by the clinicians together, without a formal check that different raters would score them the same way, as the authors note.
Other mental health problems may explain it: With 88% having other diagnoses, the attachment findings may reflect mental health problems in general rather than anything specific to gender distress. This fits with there being no difference from the mental health group.
Extra analyses done after the fact: What predicted high-risk attachment was explored in extra analyses after the main ones, which raises the risk of findings that are just flukes.
Parents' and grandparents' history not measured: The authors note they did not measure hardship in parents and grandparents, even though they use passed-down family problems to explain their results.
Authors' viewpoint: The team works from a whole-person, attachment-focused approach. The study was funded by money the authors raised from teaching, and no commercial conflicts were declared.

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Summary

Key findings

Abstract

Conclusion