Kematian karena Bunuh Diri 19 Kali Lebih Tinggi Setelah Operasi Penyesuaian Kelamin dibanding Pembanding: Kohort Swedia

Tindak lanjut jangka panjang pada orang transseksual yang menjalani operasi penyesuaian kelamin: studi kohort di Swedia

Studi kohort & registri Operasi Kesehatan mental & bunuh diri

Authors: Cecilia Dhejne, Paul Lichtenstein, Marcus Boman, Anna L. V. Johansson, Niklas Långström, Mikael Landén
Journal: PLOS ONE
Year: 2011
Source: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0016885

Summary

Swedish researchers used national records to follow everyone who had sex reassignment surgery and changed legal sex between 1973 and 2003. They compared each person with ten random people of the same age and sex. Over about 11 years, the reassigned group died about three times as often and died by suicide about 19 times as often. They were about five times as likely to attempt suicide and three times as likely to be admitted for psychiatric care, even after allowing for earlier psychiatric admissions. The gaps in deaths and suicide attempts were mainly among people treated before 1989. The authors concluded that surgery, while easing gender distress, is not enough on its own, and better long-term care is needed. Because the comparison was with the general public, not trans people who did not transition, the study cannot say whether surgery made things better or worse.

Key findings

Seluruh 324 orang di Swedia yang menjalani operasi penyesuaian kelamin dan mengubah jenis kelamin secara hukum antara 1973 dan 2003 (191 laki-laki ke perempuan, 133 perempuan ke laki-laki) dibandingkan dengan 3.240 orang dari masyarakat umum dengan tahun lahir dan jenis kelamin yang sama.
Kematian dari semua penyebab sekitar 3 kali lebih tinggi daripada pada orang dengan jenis kelamin lahir yang sama, dengan perbedaan yang muncul setelah sekitar 10 tahun.
Kematian karena bunuh diri sekitar 19 kali lebih tinggi, berdasarkan 10 bunuh diri di antara 324 orang dibandingkan 5 pada kelompok pembanding. Angka sebenarnya sangat tidak pasti (berkisar dari sekitar 6 hingga 63 kali).
Percobaan bunuh diri sekitar 5 kali lebih tinggi dan perawatan di rumah sakit jiwa sekitar 3 kali lebih tinggi, bahkan setelah memperhitungkan perawatan jiwa sebelum operasi, yang sekitar 4 kali lebih umum pada kelompok yang menjalani penyesuaian.
Kematian akibat penyakit jantung dan pembuluh darah agak meningkat (sekitar 2,5 kali; 9 kematian), dan kematian akibat kanker mungkin meningkat (sekitar 2 kali). Para penulis memperingatkan bahwa jumlahnya kecil dan tidak menyalahkan hormon.
Untuk orang yang dirawat dari 1989 hingga 2003, kematian dan percobaan bunuh diri tambahan itu mungkin hanya kebetulan, meskipun perawatan di rumah sakit jiwa masih sekitar 2,5 kali lebih tinggi.
Orang perempuan ke laki-laki memiliki lebih banyak vonis pidana daripada perempuan lain, sekitar sama dengan laki-laki; orang laki-laki ke perempuan tidak berbeda dari laki-laki lain.
Para penulis mengatakan studi ini tidak dapat menunjukkan apakah penyesuaian kelamin berhasil sebagai perawatan, dan bahwa hasilnya mungkin bahkan lebih buruk tanpanya.

Abstract

Context: The treatment for transsexualism is sex reassignment, including hormonal treatment and surgery aimed at making the person's body as congruent with the opposite sex as possible. There is a dearth of long term, follow-up studies after sex reassignment.

Objective: To estimate mortality, morbidity, and criminal rate after surgical sex reassignment of transsexual persons.

Design: A population-based matched cohort study.

Setting: Sweden, 1973-2003.

Participants: All 324 sex-reassigned persons (191 male-to-females, 133 female-to-males) in Sweden, 1973-2003. Random population controls (10:1) were matched by birth year and birth sex or reassigned (final) sex, respectively.

Main Outcome Measures: Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for mortality and psychiatric morbidity were obtained with Cox regression models, which were adjusted for immigrant status and psychiatric morbidity prior to sex reassignment (adjusted HR [aHR]).

Results: The overall mortality for sex-reassigned persons was higher during follow-up (aHR 2.8; 95% CI 1.8-4.3) than for controls of the same birth sex, particularly death from suicide (aHR 19.1; 95% CI 5.8-62.9). Sex-reassigned persons also had an increased risk for suicide attempts (aHR 4.9; 95% CI 2.9-8.5) and psychiatric inpatient care (aHR 2.8; 95% CI 2.0-3.9). Comparisons with controls matched on reassigned sex yielded similar results. Female-to-males, but not male-to-females, had a higher risk for criminal convictions than their respective birth sex controls.

Conclusions: Persons with transsexualism, after sex reassignment, have considerably higher risks for mortality, suicidal behaviour, and psychiatric morbidity than the general population. Our findings suggest that sex reassignment, although alleviating gender dysphoria, may not suffice as treatment for transsexualism, and should inspire improved psychiatric and somatic care after sex reassignment for this patient group.

Conclusion

Persons with transsexualism, after sex reassignment, have considerably higher risks for mortality, suicidal behaviour, and psychiatric morbidity than the general population. Our findings suggest that sex reassignment, although alleviating gender dysphoria, may not suffice as treatment for transsexualism, and should inspire improved psychiatric and somatic care after sex reassignment for this patient group.

Methodological limitations

No untreated comparison group: The comparison was with the general public, not people with gender dysphoria who did not have surgery. So the study cannot judge whether treatment made things better or worse. The authors say the results should not be read as showing that surgery itself causes illness or death.
Few other factors allowed for: The analysis only took account of earlier psychiatric hospital stays and being an immigrant. Earlier outpatient mental health problems, drug and alcohol use, smoking, poverty, HIV and discrimination were not accounted for.
Older treatment era: Most of the group were treated in the 1970s and 1980s. For those treated from 1989 to 2003, extra deaths and suicide attempts could have been chance, so the overall figures may overstate the risk for later patients.
Few deaths, uncertain figures: The 19-times suicide figure rests on 10 suicides (versus 5 in the comparison group), so the true figure could be anywhere from about 6 to 63 times higher. There were only 9 heart deaths, and the authors note the study was too small to be precise.
Hospital stays only: Mental illness was measured only by psychiatric hospital stays, because reliable outpatient data were not available. This undercounts mental illness, and differences in who gets admitted could skew the comparison.
Surgery worked out indirectly: Who had surgery was worked out from hospital diagnosis codes plus a change of legal sex. The exact operations were not recorded, and the diagnosis code used was not specific.
No hormone or lifestyle data: Type, dose and length of hormone use and smoking were not recorded, so the extra heart and cancer deaths cannot be blamed on cross-sex hormones. The authors note most cancers seen were unlikely to be hormone-related.
No measures of benefit: The study did not measure gender distress, quality of life or satisfaction, so it says nothing about whether surgery relieved distress.
Small subgroups: Comparisons between male-to-female and female-to-male groups, including the crime results, were too small to be reliable, as the authors admit.
May not apply today: Patients were mostly adults treated under strict Swedish rules before 2004, mainly born male. Results may not apply to today's larger, younger, mostly female patients or to people who transition without surgery.
Rough start date: The date of surgery was estimated from hospital records. According to the authors, this could slightly undercount some events but not deaths.
Often misquoted: The lead author has said publicly that the paper is often wrongly cited as proof that transition causes suicide (TransAdvocate interview 2015; Reddit Q&A 2017). The paper itself does not claim cause either way.

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Summary

Key findings

Abstract

Conclusion