Taiwan: Kematian karena Bunuh Diri 4× Lebih Tinggi pada Orang Transgender — dan 2,6× Lebih Tinggi dari Saudara Kandung

Kematian di antara orang transgender: studi kohort populasi yang dicocokkan dan perbandingan saudara kandung di Taiwan

Studi kohort & registri Kesehatan mental & bunuh diri Autisme, trauma & kondisi penyerta

Authors: Chih-Wei Hsu, Yang-Chieh Brian Chen, Liang-Jen Wang, Mu-Hong Chen, Yao-Hsu Yang, Chih-Sung Liang, Po-Yen Chen, Edward Chia-Cheng Lai
Journal: The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific
Year: 2025
Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2025.101715

Summary

Using Taiwan's national health insurance records, researchers followed about 3,900 people diagnosed with gender identity disorder by psychiatrists. They compared their deaths with matched members of the public and with their own non-trans brothers and sisters. Over about nine years, trans people had a 40% higher death rate than the public and about four times the suicide rate. Deaths from accidents and illness were not higher. Compared with siblings, who share family background and genes, overall deaths were no higher, but suicide was still about 2.6 times higher. Depression, anxiety and other mental illnesses were several times more common in the trans group, and taking depression into account shrank the suicide link the most. The study is careful and the sibling comparison is a strength. But it rests on just 35 suicides and has no data on hormones or surgery.

Key findings

Studi ini mengikuti 3.906 orang yang didiagnosis setidaknya dua kali oleh psikiater dengan gangguan identitas gender (usia rata-rata sekitar 25 tahun; 71% secara hukum laki-laki) dan 15.624 orang yang dicocokkan selama rata-rata sekitar 9,5 tahun.
Penyakit jiwa jauh lebih umum pada kelompok trans: depresi 41% berbanding 6%, kecemasan 29% berbanding 6%, gangguan bipolar 7% berbanding 1%, dan psikosis 7% berbanding 1%.
Dibandingkan dengan masyarakat umum, orang trans 40% lebih mungkin meninggal karena sebab apa pun, sekitar dua kali lebih mungkin meninggal karena sebab luar seperti bunuh diri atau kecelakaan, dan sekitar 4 kali lebih mungkin meninggal karena bunuh diri (35 kematian berbanding 31 pada kelompok yang empat kali lebih besar).
Kematian akibat kecelakaan dan penyakit tidak lebih tinggi daripada pada kelompok pembanding.
Dibandingkan dengan 4.765 saudara kandung non-trans, kematian secara keseluruhan dan kematian akibat sebab luar tidak lebih tinggi, tetapi bunuh diri masih sekitar 2,6 kali lebih tinggi.
Risiko bunuh diri tambahan terbesar pada orang yang jenis kelamin hukumnya perempuan (sekitar 6 kali) dan pada remaja (sekitar 13 kali, tetapi berdasarkan sangat sedikit kematian, sehingga angka ini sangat tidak pasti).
Memperhitungkan depresi paling mengecilkan keterkaitan dengan bunuh diri. Di antara orang dengan depresi, perbedaan bunuh diri mudah saja kebetulan.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Transgender persons have been reported to experience excess mortality, but evidence is dominated by Western cohorts and seldom addresses familial confounding. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide, retrospective cohort study using two prespecified comparison designs: matched population controls (1:4, matched on legal sex and birth date) and within-family cisgender sibling comparisons. Transgender persons were identified by ≥2 psychiatrist-recorded gender identity disorder diagnoses during 2001-2021; cohort entry required age ≥6 years. Participants were followed until death or December 31, 2022. We compared all-cause, external-cause (suicide and accidents), and internal-cause mortality using Cox regression adjusted for sociodemographics and medical comorbidity. FINDINGS: Among 3906 transgender persons (mean age 24.6 years; 70.6% with a male legal sex) and 15,624 controls (mean follow-up 9.5 years), psychiatric conditions were markedly over-represented in the transgender cohort (e.g., depressive disorders 40.8% vs 5.7%). Adjusted hazard ratios were 1.40 (95% confidence interval 1.06-1.84) for all-cause mortality, 2.03 (1.39-2.96) for external causes, and 4.07 (2.52-6.59) for suicides; accidents (0.56, 0.21-1.45) and internal-cause (0.98, 0.65-1.48) mortality did not differ. In sibling comparisons (4765 siblings), excess all-cause and external-cause mortality were not observed (0.96, 0.67-1.36; and 1.14, 0.70-1.85), suicide risk was higher (2.57, 1.32-5.00), and accident mortality lower (0.19, 0.06-0.67). Relative hazards were greatest in those with a female legal sex and in adolescents. Adjustment for psychiatric clusters attenuated-but did not eliminate-the suicide mortality excess. INTERPRETATION: In Taiwan, transgender persons had higher all-cause and suicide mortality than population controls; in within-family comparisons, the suicide mortality excess persisted, indicating influences beyond shared familial factors. Prevention should prioritize targeted mental-health and safety interventions, with particular attention to adolescents and those with a female legal sex. FUNDING: Taiwan National Science and Technology Council.

Conclusion

In Taiwan, transgender persons had higher all-cause and suicide mortality than population controls; in within-family comparisons, the suicide mortality excess persisted, indicating influences beyond shared familial factors. Adjustment for psychiatric clusters attenuated, but did not eliminate, the suicide excess, with depressive disorders producing the greatest attenuation. Prevention should prioritise targeted mental-health and safety interventions, with particular attention to adolescents and those with a female legal sex, including structured suicide-risk assessment at key points of care.

Methodological limitations

Mental illness only partly accounted for: Each type of mental illness was taken into account one at a time rather than all together, and the timing relative to diagnosis was not checked. So the study cannot say how much of the extra suicide risk is explained by mental illness overall, and the authors admit they cannot tell whether mental illness is a separate cause or part of the pathway.
Trans people were checked more often: In Taiwan a psychiatrist must make the diagnosis, so trans people saw psychiatrists far more, and their mental illnesses were more likely to be recorded than other people's. The authors note this may distort how much the results were adjusted for mental illness.
Sibling comparison timing: Siblings were followed from 2001 or from birth, and the trans group's death rate in this comparison was less than half that in the main comparison. This suggests years before diagnosis were counted, when people could not yet have died as diagnosed trans people. That can make the differences look smaller than they are.
Few deaths: The results rest on 35 suicides and 73 deaths in total. Subgroup figures, especially for teens (about 13 times higher, but anywhere from about 1.5 to 110 times), are very uncertain, and many extra analyses were run.
No treatment data: There was no information on hormones or surgery (national insurance does not cover surgery and covers hormones unevenly). So the study cannot say whether transition affects the risk of death.
Legal sex, not birth sex: Sex came from the earliest insurance record from 2001. Surgery before then could not be seen, so some results split by sex may put people in the wrong group.
Many factors not measured: There was no information on smoking, drug or alcohol use beyond diagnoses, family rejection or being victimised. Explanations offered by the authors (minority stress, family rejection, avoiding sports) were not measured.
A selected group: Needing two psychiatrist diagnoses picks out people who sought formal assessment, often to qualify for surgery. The results may not apply to other trans people or to countries with different health systems.

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Summary

Key findings

Abstract

Conclusion