デトランジション研究は新興の分野です。ここ10年間、特に思春期の少女を中心に性別違和の診断が急速に増加し、デトランジショナーの人口も増大していますが、フォローアップの高い脱落率、思想的対立、方法論的限界により、データ収集は依然として困難を伴っています。
1996年から2019年にフィンランドの専門的な性自認サービスに相談した青少年と若年成人における精神疾患罹患率:登録研究(2026)
Ruuska et al.
mental healthcohort studytransition outcomesdiagnostic trends
1996年から2019年にかけてのフィンランドの全国コホート研究で、23歳未満の性別照会者2,083人と16,643人のマッチング対照群を比較。性別照会を受けた青少年は、照会前(45.7%対15.0%)および照会後2年以上(61.7%対14.6%)のいずれにおいても、対照群より有意に高い精神疾患罹患率を示した。2010年以降に照会された者は、それ以前のコホートよりも精神科的ニーズが大きかった。医学的性別再割り当てを受けた青少年では、フォローアップ中に精神疾患罹患率が著しく増加し、女性化性別再割り当てでは9.8%から60.7%へ、男性化性別再割り当てでは21.6%から54.5%へと上昇した。既往の精神科治療を調整した後、すべての性別照会青少年は同様に高い精神疾患罹患リスクを持っており、ハザード比は女性対照群の約3倍、男性対照群の約5倍であった。重篤な精神疾患は性別照会青少年に共通であり、近年の照会急増後に照会された者でより多く見られ、医学的性別再割り当て後も精神科ニーズは減少しないと結論付けている。
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.70533Key Findings
- Far higher psychiatric morbidity: Gender-referred adolescents were about three times more likely to have received specialist psychiatric treatment before referral compared to matched controls, and this gap widened after referral.
- Post-2010 surge linked to greater needs: Youth referred after 2010 showed roughly double the pre-referral psychiatric morbidity of the earlier cohort, suggesting increasingly complex cases.
- Psychiatric needs increased after medical transition: Among those who underwent medical gender reassignment, the proportion needing specialist psychiatric care rose sharply during follow-up—especially among those receiving feminising treatment (from ~10% to ~61%).
- Risk remains elevated even after accounting for prior mental health: After adjusting for pre-existing psychiatric treatment, all gender-referred groups still had a 3- to 5-fold higher risk of severe psychiatric morbidity than controls, regardless of whether they underwent medical transition.
- Clinical takeaway: The findings emphasize the need for thorough psychiatric evaluation and continuous mental health support before, during, and after any medical gender reassignment, as psychiatric needs often persist or worsen rather than resolve.
私たちは知りたいのか?(2025)
D'Angelo, R. (The International Journal of Psychoanalysis)
detransitiontraumagender exploratory therapycountertransferencemedical ethics
この論文は、若者に対する性別適合介入の弱い証拠基盤と深い影響が、敏感な精神分析的探求を必要とすると主張しています。社会政治的トレンドが、なぜ若者が医療的移行を求めるのかの深い探求を「禁止」または転換療法として枠づける方法を批判しています。著者は、政治的動機に駆られた臨床医が、トランス識別の意味を探求する人々を誤って表現し、弱い証拠基盤と深刻なリスクを最小化しながら、性別違和の下にある心理的苦痛を曖昧にしていると指摘しています。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39327914/Key Findings
- Trauma can hide behind a fixed trans narrative. In the case of Elly, a history of maternal abuse and emotional neglect only emerged after 18 months of analytic work, revealing her gender dysphoria was deeply entangled with unprocessed psychic pain that brief clinic assessments would never have uncovered.
- The medical evidence base is shaky. Systematic reviews from the UK (Cass Review), Sweden, Finland and Germany consistently find that evidence for the benefits of puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones in youth is of very low quality, while serious physical harms—including cardiovascular risks and infertility—are well established.
- There is a "prohibition on knowing" at every level. Patients like Elly fiercely defend against exploration of their gendered experience, and this individual resistance is reinforced by a socio-political climate that frames any questioning of trans identity as transphobic or a form of conversion therapy.
- Advocacy within psychoanalysis is misrepresenting exploratory work. Prominent analysts who promote medical affirmation are, in D'Angelo's view, distorting the intent of clinicians who ask "why," erasing the suffering of detransitioners, and abandoning the analytic mandate to understand unconscious meaning.
- The profession may be over-correcting for its past. The analytic community's defensive rush to affirm medical transition may be driven by unconscious guilt over its history of pathologising homosexuality, coupled with clinicians avoiding the dread and helplessness that arise when sitting with a young person pursuing irreversible body modification.
出生時に女性として登録された成人の物語:医療的移行を開始し、後にデトランシションした(2025)
Jane Lomax, Catherine Butler (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthdetransitionnarrative analysisgender dysphoriaqualitative researchautism
医療的介入後にデトランシションした6人の英国女性(21-32歳)の質的研究。4つの物語的テーマが浮かび上がった:ディスフォリアを解決するための医療的移行の限界、テストステロンに関する長期的な健康上の懸念、男性として生きる社会的な課題、そして進行中のプロセスとしてのデトランシション。参加者は満たされていない支援ニーズを報告し、移行結果に対する現実的な期待の重要性を強調した。
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03083-9#ref-CR61Key Findings
- Medical transition had limits: Participants found that hormones and surgery did not fully resolve their gender dysphoria or underlying mental health struggles, with some experiencing intensified distress or 'reverse dysphoria' after physical changes.
- Long-term health concerns drove decisions: Anxiety about unknown long-term effects of testosterone on female bodies—such as cardiovascular risks, uterine atrophy, and infertility—contributed to detransition, with participants feeling inadequately informed beforehand.
- Social belonging shifted over time: Many discovered they felt more authentic connecting with women and lesbian communities rather than living as men, with some realizing narrow stereotypes of womanhood had influenced their initial decision to transition.
- Detransition is complex and ongoing: The process involved grief, guilt, and practical challenges like navigating a masculinized appearance, with most finding alternative ways to manage distress rather than through medical intervention.
- Support systems are largely inadequate: Participants reported unmet needs from healthcare providers and therapists, often turning to online detransition communities for information, practical guidance, and emotional support instead.
成人における性別違和とデトランジション:フィンランドの性同一性クリニックからの9人の患者の分析(2025)
Kaisa Kettula, Niina Puustinen, Lotta Tynkkynen, Liisa Lempinen, Katinka Tuisku (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthcohort studydetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoria
このフィンランドの研究では、9人のデトランザイショナー(女性7人、男性2人)を調査し、全員が最初の移行は真のトランスジェンダーアイデンティティではなく、未解決の心理的ストレス要因(児童期のトラウマ、性的虐待、摂食障害、境界性人格症状など)によって引き起こされたと報告した。7人の女性全員が「大きな」後悔を抱いており、平均後悔期間は7年であった。遡及的に、患者たちは移行の必要性が成熟の課題や愛着の問題に起因しており、性別違和ではないと認識した。この研究は、医療介入前の徹底的な心理的評価の重要性を強調している。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40394447/Key Findings
- This study of nine Finnish adults who detransitioned found that most (seven of nine) experienced 'major regret' and sought to reverse their gender-affirming treatments, with an average of seven years passing before regret emerged.
- The detransitioners had very high rates of psychiatric conditions, including mood disorders (89%), anxiety disorders (78%), borderline personality disorder (56%), eating disorders or symptoms (78%), and childhood trauma or sexual abuse affecting nearly all patients.
- Patients retrospectively reported that their original desire to transition stemmed not from true transgender identity, but from factors like trauma, misogyny, dissociative disorders, difficult life circumstances, or confusion about sexuality.
- The clinic made several practice changes in response, including removing referral requirements for detransitioners, increasing psychiatric collaboration, offering psychotherapy, and emphasizing professional neutrality rather than affirmation.
- The authors stress that thorough psychological evaluation—especially for trauma, dissociation, and attachment issues—should precede irreversible interventions to reduce adverse outcomes.
ノルウェー国立性別不一致センターに紹介された子供と青少年の治療軌跡(2025)
Cecilie Bjertness Nyquist, Leila Torgersen, Linda W. David, Trond Haaken Diseth, Kjersti Gulbrandsen, Anne Waehre (Acta Paediatrica)
cohort studytransition outcomesdetransitionpuberty suppression
ノルウェー国立性別不一致センターに紹介された1,258人の若者を対象としたこのノルウェーのコホート研究では、22%が性別肯定医療を受けずに退院したことがわかりました。テストステロンを開始した人のうち、18人の女性がデトランジションしました(11人はトランスジェンダーアイデンティティの停止による)。この研究は、思春期ブロッカーからホルモンへの高い継続率(97%)を強調し、パイプライン効果に関する懸念を提起し、デトランジションを含むさまざまな治療軌跡を考慮した長期的なフォローアップの必要性を強調しています。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39648282/Key Findings
- Among 1,258 children and adolescents referred to Norway's national gender clinic from 2000-2020, 62% started gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) and 11% received puberty blockers (GnRHa).
- Nearly all (97%) of those who received puberty blockers went on to hormone treatment, raising questions about whether blockers allow for meaningful exploration of gender identity.
- Eighteen individuals assigned female at birth (2.3% of those on GAHT) detransitioned after testosterone treatment, with most ceasing to identify as transgender entirely.
- Because of loss to follow-up and incomplete external treatment data, the authors acknowledge their detransition figure (2.3% of those who started GAHT) may be too low. They cite a Finnish nationwide register study finding a 7.9% discontinuation rate to support the concern that their number is probably an underestimate.
- About 22% of those who attended at least one appointment were discharged without any medical treatment, most commonly due to mental health concerns.
- The study highlights significant shifts in Norwegian clinical practice over time, with declining use of puberty blockers in recent years amid growing international scrutiny of evidence for these treatments.
若年者の性別違和に対する思春期ブロッカー: 系統的レビューとメタアナリシス(2025)
Anna Miroshnychenko, Yetiani Roldan, Sara Ibrahim, Chan Kulatunga-Moruzi, Steven Montante, Rachel Couban, Gordon Guyatt, Romina Brignardello-Petersen (Archives of Disease in Childhood)
mental healthcohort studypuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoria
Archives of Disease in Childhoodからのこの系統的レビューとメタアナリシスは、性別違和を抱える若者に対する思春期ブロッカーに関する10の研究を調査しました。著者らは「思春期ブロッカーの効果に関するかなりの不確実性」を発見し、グローバル機能、うつ病、骨密度などの結果について「非常に低い確実性」の証拠しか見つかりませんでした。比較観察研究は非常に低い確実性の証拠を提供し、前後研究も非常に低い確実性を示しました。著者らは、これらの介入を自信を持って推奨する前に「方法論的に厳格な前向き研究が必要である」と結論付けています。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39855724/Key Findings
- The evidence for puberty blockers' effects on youth with gender dysphoria is mostly 'very low certainty' across all measured outcomes, meaning we cannot reliably conclude whether they help or harm.
- Only 10 studies met inclusion criteria, with no randomized controlled trials found; most studies had serious methodological flaws like missing data and lack of proper comparison groups.
- Potential mental health benefits (improved global function, reduced depression and gender dysphoria) were suggested but remain highly uncertain due to weak study designs. Another study (Olson-Kennedy et al., 2025) shows that depression got worse.
- Bone mineral density at the hip, spine, and femoral neck appeared lower after puberty blocker use, though this finding also carries very low certainty.
- The authors call for methodologically rigorous prospective studies and possibly randomized controlled trials to better understand both short-term and long-term effects of this intervention.
26歳未満の性別違和を持つ個人に対する性別適合ホルモン療法:系統的レビューとメタ分析(2025)
Anna Miroshnychenko, Sara Ibrahim, Yetiani Roldan, Chan Kulatunga-Moruzi, Steven Montante, Rachel Couban, Gordon Guyatt, Romina Brignardello-Petersen (Archives of Disease in Childhood)
mental healthcohort studypuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewmeta-analysis
この包括的な系統的レビューとメタ分析は、26歳未満の個人を対象とした性別適合ホルモン療法(GAHT)に関する24の研究を評価した。レビューでは、性別違和、全体的な機能、うつ病に関して、主に「非常に低い確実性」の証拠が見つかった。1つの研究ではうつ病のオッズが低い(OR 0.73)ことが示唆されたが、これは低い確実性の証拠と評価された。著者らは結論として、「GAHTの効果についてはかなりの不確実性があり、利益または害の可能性を排除することはできない。より高い確実性の証拠を生み出すためには、方法論的に厳密な前向き研究が必要である」と述べた。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39855725/Key Findings
- The evidence for most effects of gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in young people under 26 is very low certainty, meaning we cannot confidently determine benefits or harms.
- Only one study found low certainty evidence that depression may be lower in those who received GAHT compared to those who did not.
- Cardiovascular events were the only outcomes with higher certainty evidence: about 4% of natal females experienced cardiovascular events 7-109 months after GAHT (high certainty), and about 0.2% at 26 months (moderate certainty).
- All 24 included studies had serious methodological limitations, including failure to adjust for important confounders like mental health conditions, missing data, and participants receiving other treatments.
- The authors conclude that better designed prospective studies are urgently needed to understand the true effects of GAHT on gender dysphoria, mental health, bone density, and other outcomes.
Why There Are Exactly Two Sexes(2025)
Colin M. Wright (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
This commentary argues that in anisogamous organisms, the sexes—male and female—are functional classes defined by the type of gamete an individual has the biological function to produce. The paper defends the binary nature of sex against claims that sex exists on a spectrum, examining biological, philosophical, and social dimensions of sex classification.
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03348-3Key Findings
- Sex is defined by gamete type
- There are exactly two sexes in anisogamous organisms
- Intersex conditions do not create additional sexes
- The sex binary is universal across taxa
ユタ州保健省による性別不合を有する未成年者に対するホルモン介入のエビデンスレビュー(2025)
Utah Department of Health and Human Services (Utah Department of Health and Human Services)
SEGMの分析では、ユタ州のエビデンスレビューには重大な方法論上の欠陥があり、若者のジェンダー医療に関するエビデンスベースの政策決定の根拠にはならないことが判明しました。
segm.org/utah-evidence-review-analysisKey Findings
- 1,051-page review did not meet basic systematic review criteria
- Omitted mandated analysis of puberty interruption effects
- Excluded infertility from outcomes
- Could not serve as reliable basis for evidence-based decision-making
- Methodological flaws identified by SEGM analysis
イングランドの一次医療機関を受診する子供と若者の性別違和と性別不一致の疫学:後ろ向きコホート研究(2025)
Jarvis et al.
mental healthcohort studydiagnostic trends
イングランドの一次医療記録を大規模に調査したこの研究では、2011年から2021年の間に0~18歳の子供と若者の間で記録された性別違和/不一致が50倍(5000%)増加したことがわかりました。有病率は1万人あたり0.16人から8.3人に増加し、2014年以降に出生時に女性として登録された人々で最も顕著な上昇が見られました。この研究では、併存する精神疾患の割合も高いことが判明し、52.7%が不安、うつ病、または自傷行為の記録を持っていました。医療的介入は比較的稀で、4.7%が思春期抑制剤を、8.0%が性別適合ホルモンを処方されていました。著者らは、この集団に対するより良いメンタルヘルスサポートの緊急の必要性を指摘しています。
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12320607/Key Findings
- A 50-fold increase in recorded diagnoses
- Between 2011 and 2021, the recorded prevalence of gender dysphoria/incongruence in English primary care rose from roughly 1 in 60,000 to about 1 in 1,200 among 17–18 year olds.
- The rise is driven mainly by recorded females
- After 2014, incidence increased far more rapidly in females than males; by 2021, prevalence was approximately twice as high in females, reversing historical patterns.
- Mental health co-conditions are very common
- Over half (52.7%) of affected children and young people had a record of anxiety, depression, or self-harm—substantially higher than matched youth with autism or eating disorders, especially for depression and self-harm.
- Medical hormone treatment remains rare in primary care records
- Only 4.7% received puberty-suppressing hormones and 8.0% received masculinising/feminising hormones, likely reflecting long specialist waiting times and under-recording of treatments initiated elsewhere.
- Strongly age-linked, but not deprivation-linked
- Cases were rarely recorded before age 11 and peaked at ages 17–18; there was no consistent association between prevalence and neighbourhood deprivation levels.
小児の『性別肯定』ケアの目的は何か?(2024)
Gorin, M.
mental healthpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewautonomygender-affirming care
ヘイスティングス・センター・レポートに掲載されたこの生命倫理学的分析は、小児の性別肯定ケアのエビデンスに基づく正当化から「自律性に基づく」議論への移行を批判し、「具現化目標」に訴えています。著者は、最近のシステマティックレビューが科学的証拠は不確実であると結論づけたため、一部の人々が健康改善を目標として放棄し、代わりに患者の自律性を通じて介入を正当化していると主張しています。ゴリンは、これらの自律性に基づく議論は臨床的意思決定における自律性の位置を誤解しており、その結果、患者を医療的損害のリスクにさらしていると結論づけています。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38842886/Key Findings
- Current U.S. clinical guidelines endorse puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, and surgery for youth gender dysphoria, but international bodies in England, Sweden, and Finland have pulled back after systematic reviews found weak evidence of medical benefits.
- The Dutch protocol—the original research basis for pediatric medical transition—had significant methodological flaws, including no control group, confounded measurement of gender dysphoria, and a population very different from today's patients.
- Some bioethicists argue youth should have a right to transition-related interventions based on 'embodiment goals' and autonomy alone, without requiring evidence of mental health benefits or even a diagnosis.
- The author argues this autonomy-based view contradicts medicine's core principle of nonmaleficence: patient desire for body modification is not sufficient justification for risky medical interventions without evidence of health benefits.
- International discrepancies in treatment guidelines stem partly from different standards of evidence assessment (systematic reviews vs. narrative reviews) and partly from deeper value disagreements about whether medicine's aim is health improvement or fulfilling patient identity goals.
ジェンダーアファーミングホルモン療法を求める人におけるデトランジションの有病率:系統的レビュー(2024)
Feigerlova, E. (Journal of Sexual Medicine)
この系統的レビューでは、使用された指標に応じてデトランジション率は約1〜10%の範囲であることが判明しましたが、方法論上の制限により正確な推定は困難です。このレビューは、より良い長期フォローアップ研究の必要性を強調しています。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39724926Key Findings
- Detransition rates ranged from 0.8-7.4% for treatment request shifts
- GnRHa discontinuation rates ranged from 1-7.6%
- GAHT discontinuation rates ranged from 1.6-9.8%
- 15 observational studies included with 7,074 participants
- Significant methodological heterogeneity across studies
- Long-term follow-up data is lacking
26歳未満の性別不合を有する individuals に対する乳房切除術:系統的レビューとメタ分析(2024)
Miroshnychenko, A., Roldán, Y., Ibrahim, S., Kulatunga-Moruzi, C., Dahlin, K., Montante, S., et al. (Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery)
SEGMが資金を提供したこのレビューでは、性別不合を抱える若者の乳房切除術の証拠は弱く、身体的合併症についてのみ高確実性の証拠があることが判明しました。心理学的転帰の証拠は非常に低品質です。
doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000011734Key Findings
- 39 studies included in the review
- Evidence ranged from high to very low certainty
- High-certainty evidence only for physical complications (death, necrosis, scarring)
- Psychological outcomes lack high-quality evidence
- Case series provided most of the high-certainty evidence
- Prospective cohort studies needed
キャスレビュー(2024)
Hilary Cass (The Cass Review)
mental healthtransition outcomespuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaautismsystematic review
イギリスのNHS Englandが委託した独立した系統的レビューで、18歳未満の若者を対象とした性同一性サービスに関する100以上の研究を評価した。既存の研究における方法論的欠陥を強調し、肯定的ケアモデルに対する高レベルの批判を表している。思春期ブロッカーとクロスセックスホルモンの証拠は「非常に弱い」か低品質で、無作為化試験が不足しており、骨密度の低下や精神的な健康への不確かな利益などのリスクがあると結論づけた。
https://segm.org/Final-Cass-Report-2024-NHS-Response-SummaryKey Findings
- The review emphasizes evidence-based, holistic care for gender-questioning youth rather than a social justice model, calling for individualized assessments that screen for co-occurring conditions like autism and mental health issues.
- The evidence base for medical interventions—particularly puberty blockers and hormones—was found to be weak, prompting recommendations for a full research program and extreme caution, especially for hormones starting at age 16.
- A nominated medical practitioner should take overall clinical responsibility for patient safety, and every case for medical treatment must be reviewed by a national multidisciplinary team.
- Social transition decisions for pre-pubertal children should involve early consultation with experienced clinical professionals, reflecting a more cautious approach than previously standard.
- All children being considered for medical pathways must be offered fertility counseling and preservation before starting treatment.
性別適合手術後の自殺および自傷行為のリスク(2024)
John J. Straub, Krishna K. Paul, Lauren G. Bothwell, Sterling J. Deshazo, Georgiy Golovko, Michael S. Miller, Dietrich V. Jehle (Cureus)
mental healthcohort studydiagnostic trendstraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriasurgeries
TriNetXデータベース(米国の56の医療機関、9,000万人超の患者)を用いた後向き研究で、性別適合手術後の自殺・自傷リリスクを検討した。手術を受けた1,501人の成人と救急受診歴をコントロール群と比較。主要所見:手術群の自殺企図リスクは非手術群の12.12倍(3.47%対0.29%);卵管結紮・精管切除群と比べて傷害変数マッチング前5.03倍、マッチング後4.71倍(3.50%対0.74%);咽頭炎コントロールでも結果は一致した。性別適合手術を受けた患者の自殺リスクは著明に上昇し、術後包括的精神支援が必要であると結論づけている。
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11063965/Key Findings
- Patients who underwent gender-affirming surgery had a 12.12 times higher risk of suicide attempts compared to general emergency department patients, and a 4.71 times higher risk compared to patients who had tubal ligation or vasectomy procedures.
- The study found significantly elevated risks across all measured outcomes: suicide attempts, death, self-harm, and PTSD—persisting even after propensity matching for age, race, ethnicity, and sex.
- PTSD risk was notably elevated, with a 7.76-fold increase compared to general emergency patients and 3.23-fold increase after matching with surgical controls, suggesting pre-operative trauma and post-operative challenges both play important roles.
- The large-scale retrospective study used real-world data from over 90 million patients across 56 U.S. healthcare organizations over a 20-year period, making it one of the largest studies of its kind.
- The authors emphasize that their findings show association rather than causation, and conclude that comprehensive psychiatric support and mental health care are essential in the years following gender-affirming surgery.
性別適合ホルモン治療を求める人々におけるデトランシションの有病率:系統的レビュー(2024)
Eva Feigerlova (Journal of Sexual Medicine)
cohort studydetransitionpuberty suppressiongender exploratory therapymedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic review
Journal of Sexual Medicineのこの系統的レビューは、性別適合ホルモン治療を要求または開始した個人におけるデトランシション率に関する既存の研究を調査しました。レビューでは、文献に重大なギャップが見つかり、さまざまなデータセットにおける潜在的なバイアスの源が特定されました。著者は、性別適合手順の利点を示唆する最近の証拠にもかかわらず、デトランシションに対する新たな要求と後悔の報告が重要な知識のギャップを示していると指摘しています。レビューは、デトランシションの真の有病率とその根本的な原因を理解するために、より良い長期追跡調査の必要性を強調しています。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39724926/Key Findings
- Detransition rates are relatively low: shifts in treatment requests before any medication ranged from 0.8-7.4%, puberty blocker (GnRHa) discontinuation from 1-7.6%, and hormone therapy (GAHT) discontinuation from 1.6-9.8%.
- The 15 included studies were highly heterogeneous and generally low quality—most were retrospective, had insufficient follow-up times, used inconsistent definitions of detransition, and failed to account for confounding factors like social or financial pressures.
- Reasons for stopping treatment varied widely and were not limited to identity changes; they included side effects, financial barriers, social issues, treatment goals being met, and poor compliance, making it difficult to isolate true identity-based detransition.
- There is no standardized definition of detransition across studies, with some counting anyone who stopped identifying as transgender regardless of medical steps taken, while others required actual hormone discontinuation with intent to revert to birth-assigned gender.
- The authors conclude that detransition remains insufficiently studied and call for well-designed long-term prospective research with consistent measurement tools, adequate follow-up, and control for confounding variables to better inform healthcare providers and policymakers.
思春期阻止剤と老化が睾丸細胞の状態と機能に与える影響(2024)
Murugesh et al
puberty supressioninfertility
思春期阻止剤を服用している少年の分析では、精原幹細胞への持続的な損傷が示され、中止後も不可逆的な不妊を示唆しています。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38585884/Key Findings
- Widespread use, limited data — 100% of gender dysphoria patients in this pediatric biorepository were on puberty blockers, yet long-term effects on testicular development remain poorly understood.
- Physical atrophy observed — Histology revealed mild-to-severe seminiferous tubule atrophy in PB-treated children, with some patients showing fully atrophied glands and microlithiasis.
- Developmental block at stem cell stage — Single-cell analysis showed >90% of germ cells in PB-treated juveniles were arrested at the spermatogonial stage, failing to progress toward meiosis.
- Machine learning flags "prepubertal" profile — Models trained on normal developmental data classified PB-treated patients as prepubertal across all cell types, suggesting incomplete or absent maturation of the testicular niche.
- Reversibility questioned — The combination of gland atrophy, abnormal cell proportions, and persistently immature gene expression signatures raises concerns about whether complete reproductive recovery is guaranteed after discontinuing puberty blockers.
NICEを越えて:性別不合を有する未成年者における思春期遮断薬と性別逆転ホルモンの使用に関する最新の系統的レビュー(2024)
Zepf, B.D. et al. (Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie)
このレビューは、未成年者における思春期遮断薬と性別逆転ホルモンの証拠基盤は引き続き非常に弱く、NICEレビュー以降、新しい高品質の研究は存在しないことを発見しました。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38410090Key Findings
- Zero new puberty blocker studies met PICO criteria post-NICE
- Only 2 low-quality cross-sex hormone studies found
- Current evidence does not suggest GD symptoms improve with PB/CSH
- Evidence base remains methodologically weak
- Insufficient for reliable conclusions about benefits or long-term outcomes
トランスジェンダー青年におけるジェンダーアファーミングホルモン中止の後方的コホート研究(2024)
Boskey, J. et al. (Journal of Adolescent Health)
この研究は、トランスジェンダー青年におけるGAH中止率が非常に低く、大多数が治療を継続していることを発見しました。この結果は、中止は稀であり、通常は後悔ではなく特定の生活の変化によって引き起こされることを示唆しています。
jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(24)00554-8/abstractKey Findings
- 93% of adolescents continued GAH
- Only 0.5% reidentified with birth sex
- 1,050 patients at Boston Children's Hospital
- Discontinuation associated with identity change, pregnancy desire, side effects
- Low discontinuation rate suggests treatment satisfaction
子供と青年におけるジェンダーに関連した社会的移行の影響:系統的レビュー(2024)
Multiple authors (Archives of Disease in Childhood)
このレビューでは、社会的移行の結果に関する証拠は非常に限られており、前瞻性研究はないことが判明しました。一部の証拠は、社会的移行が子供の性別不合の持続性を高める可能性があることを示唆しています。
adc.bmj.com/content/109/Suppl_2/s12Key Findings
- 11 low-quality studies included
- No prospective longitudinal studies exist
- No mental health differences found for socially transitioned children
- Mixed evidence for adolescents
- One study found higher GD persistence for socially transitioned children
- Social transition becoming more common prior to assessment
Gender Identity Disorders Among Young People in Germany: Prevalence and Trends, 2013–2022(2024)
Christian J. Bachmann, Yfke Golub, Jörg Holstiege, Falk Hoffmann (Deutsches Ärzteblatt International)
This analysis of nationwide routine insurance data from Germany examined the prevalence of gender identity disorders (ICD-10 codes F64 and F66) among insured persons aged 5–24 years from 2013 to 2022. The study found that prevalence of confirmed F64 diagnoses increased from 22.5/100,000 to 175.7/100,000 (M1Q) and from 15.2/100,000 to 132.6/100,000 (M2Q) over the study period, with the highest prevalence among female adolescents aged 15–19 years.
di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/239563Key Findings
- Prevalence increased from 22.5 to 175.7 per 100,000
- Female adolescents aged 15-19 had highest prevalence
- F64 diagnoses increased 8-fold over the study period
若年層の性別違和が増加中—専門家の意見の相違も(2023)
Jennifer Block (The BMJ)
diagnostic trendsdetransitionpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewgender-affirming care
この調査報告書は、未成年者の医療的移行に関する国際的な議論の高まりを強調しています。米国の医療機関が『性別肯定ケア』を支持する一方で、いくつかのヨーロッパ諸国(スウェーデン、フィンランド、英国)は証拠の質の低さから慎重さを求めています。この記事は医学的合意の主張に疑問を投げかけ、青少年のホルモン治療の証拠が『低い』または『非常に低い』質であることを示すシステマティックレビューを指摘し、長期的な結果データの欠如を指摘しています。
https://www.bmj.com/content/380/bmj.p382Key Findings
- Rising numbers of young people with gender dysphoria are seeking medical treatment, yet professional opinions are deeply divided—US medical groups broadly support 'gender-affirming care' while several European countries are restricting medical interventions for minors due to insufficient evidence.
- Major US medical organizations describe gender-affirming treatments as 'evidence-based,' but independent experts found serious methodological flaws in their guidelines, including weak evidence paired with strong recommendations and failure to conduct proper systematic reviews of treatment outcomes.
- Systematic reviews by Sweden, Finland, the UK's NICE, and Florida's health agency all concluded that evidence for puberty blockers, hormones, and surgeries in minors is inconclusive, insufficient, or of very low quality—directly contradicting claims of scientific certainty.
- The number of young people discontinuing hormone treatment may be as high as 20-30% within a few years, and 'detransitioners' are increasingly speaking out about harms from early medical interventions that they say were not truly informed consent.
- Clinical practice has shifted rapidly toward faster medicalization, with some teens receiving hormones within 12 months of their first clinic visit and mental health evaluations being de-emphasized, raising concerns about inadequate assessment of whether gender dysphoria will persist.
デトランジションには論争ではなく、さらなる理解が必要(2023)
Kinnon Ross MacKinnon, Pablo Expósito-Campos, W Ariel Gould (BMJ)
mental healthdetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchgender-affirming care
この論文は、デトランジションが研究者や臨床医によって見過ごされてきたため、医療ニーズが満たされていないと主張している。著者らは、デトランジションをする人々の多様な経験を理解するために、堅牢で政治化されていない研究を求め、現在の研究は短い追跡期間と選択バイアスによって制限されていると指摘している。デトランジションをする人々へのケアの改善は、包括的な性別ケアの必要な部分であり、長期的な結果をよりよく理解することで、最終的にはすべてのトランスジェンダーの人々に利益をもたらすと強調している。
www.bmj.com/content/381/bmj-2022-073584Key Findings
- Detransition is poorly understood due to limited research and stigma, leaving people with unmet healthcare needs and no clinical guidelines for care.
- People who detransition are diverse: many are female, transitioned young, and may re-identify with their birth sex, sexual orientation, or continue identifying as trans.
- Common reasons for detransition include persistent or returning gender dysphoria, health concerns, social discrimination, identity exploration, or unresolved dysphoria despite treatment.
- Research on detransition needs major improvements: longer follow-up periods (5-10 years), using patients' preferred language, and including those lost to follow-up to avoid biased conclusions.
- Trans and detrans people share more similarities than differences; studying detransition benefits all gender-diverse individuals and strengthens comprehensive gender care for everyone.
以前にトランスジェンダーと自己認定していた若年成人における性別遷移の中止と性別認同の中止(2023)
Sasha Ayad, Lisa Marchiano, Kenneth J. Zucker (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthtransition outcomesdetransitiontraumagender dysphoriaqualitative researchrapid-onset gender dysphoria
米国の18~33歳の若年成人78名を対象とした調査研究。対象者はかつてトランスジェンダーと自己認定していたが、少なくとも6か月前にその認定をやめた者たちである。研究によると、参加者の大多数(83%)が社会的トランジションのステップを踏み、68%が医学的トランジションのステップを踏んでいた。主な所見は以下の通り:17%未満のみがDSM-5の小児性別違和の基準を満たしており、53%は突発性性別違和(ROGD)が自身に当てはまると考えた;91%は出生時女性であった;トランス認定前に高率の精神医学的診断が報告された;デトランジション後、自傷行為や性別違和が減少し、心理的健康は劇的に改善した;初期のトランス認定の最も一般的な理由は、精神的健康の問題やトラウマ反応を性別違和と混同することだった;デトランジションの理由は外的圧力ではなく内的変化に基づいていた。本研究は、デトランジションが一部の個人にとって可能かつ有益であることを示唆している。
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10794437/Key Findings
- The vast majority of participants (91%) were natal females, and most reported that their psychological health improved dramatically after detransition, with large decreases in self-harm and gender dysphoria and increases in well-being.
- Fewer than 17% of participants met diagnostic criteria for childhood gender dysphoria, while 53% believed 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria' applied to them—suggesting many developed gender dysphoria suddenly during or after puberty without prior history.
- Participants had very high rates of psychiatric diagnoses (95% had at least one lifetime diagnosis) and self-harm (79%), with most mental health issues predating their transgender identification.
- The most common reason for initial trans-identification was confusing mental health issues or trauma reactions for gender dysphoria; reasons for detransition were primarily internal (own thought processes, realizing causes were more complicated) rather than external pressures like family or discrimination.
- Most participants (68%) had taken medical transition steps including hormones, and 28% had undergone surgery, yet the majority felt inadequately informed about risks and alternatives during the informed consent process.
デトランシション率は不明(2023)
J. Cohn (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
detransitionpuberty suppressionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriasystematic reviewsurgeriesgender-affirming care
この論文は、既存の研究における重大な欠陥により、実際のデトランシション率、中止率、後悔率が不明であると主張しています。広く引用されている研究を、短期間のフォローアップ期間(後悔が表面化するまでに数年かかることがあるため)、高いフォローアップ喪失率、最近の思春期の症例の急増を反映していないサンプルの使用などの問題で批判しています。著者は、非常に低い後悔率の主張は信頼できず、この不確実性がインフォームド・コンセントにとって重要であると結論づけています。
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-023-02623-5Key Findings
- The true rates of detransition, regret, and discontinuation of gender-affirming medical interventions are unknown, despite frequent claims that they are very low (0.3-0.6%).
- Existing studies on regret and detransition suffer from serious methodological flaws: too-short follow-up periods, high loss to follow-up, inadequate measurement instruments, and samples that don't represent today's patient population.
- Observed times to regret or detransition are often long—averaging 3-10+ years—meaning studies with short follow-up periods systematically underestimate true rates.
- The current evidence base for medical interventions for gender dysphoria is of 'low' to 'very low' quality, with no randomized controlled trials comparable to those standard in other fields like depression treatment.
- Young people and families considering medical intervention should be informed that reliable data on risks like regret and detransition are unavailable, as this uncertainty is essential for truly informed consent.
胸部男性化乳房切除術と性別適合戻し後の授乳の悲しみ(2023)
Karleen D. Gribble, Susan Bewley, Hannah G. Dahlen (Frontiers in Global Women's Health)
detransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchsurgeriescase report
このケーススタディは、胸部男性化乳房切除術を受けた後、妊娠し、授乳不能による深い悲しみと心理的苦痛を経験した性別適合を戻した女性の経験を詳述しています。報告書は、授乳機能の喪失に関する十分な説明と同意の欠如、医療提供者の理解不足、そして母親への感情的な負担を強調しています。
www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgwh.2023.1073053/fullKey Findings
- Breastfeeding is rarely discussed in counseling or consent guidelines for chest masculinization mastectomy, despite the procedure often permanently destroying the ability to produce and deliver milk.
- A detransitioned woman experienced intense grief over her inability to breastfeed, compounded by maternity providers who dismissed her distress or misgendered her due to inadequate training on detransition.
- The most common chest masculinization surgical technique—free nipple grafting—almost certainly precludes breastfeeding, yet existing literature falsely claims outcomes cannot be predicted.
- Research on detransition rates and long-term outcomes of chest masculinization surgery is poor quality, with short follow-up periods and high loss to follow-up that may underestimate regret.
- Health providers need individualized, sex-based care for detransitioned women, including emotional support for breastfeeding grief, donor milk access, and avoidance of assumptions about gender identity.
性別医学における医原性の害(2023)
Sarah C. J. Jorgensen (Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy)
mental healthdetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careiatrogenic harm
この解説では、『性別肯定モデル』が医原性の害を引き起こしていると主張し、その証拠として、若いデトランシショナーの数が増えていることを挙げています。著者は、心理的評価の不十分さ、医療リスクの軽視、弱い証拠への依存を理由にこのモデルを批判しています。デトランシショナーを医療被害の生存者として認識することを求め、若者の性別移行の長期的な影響についての公開討論と研究を促し、多くのヨーロッパ諸国がより慎重なアプローチを採用していることに言及しています。
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0092623X.2023.2224320Key Findings
- Growing numbers of young people are detransitioning and experiencing regret over permanent physical changes, suggesting problems with the current gender-affirming care model.
- Recent studies indicate 10-30% of youth who undergo medical transition discontinue treatment within 1-4 years, yet long-term data is virtually nonexistent.
- Mental health issues, trauma, and neurodiversity are often inadequately explored before transition, with 'minority stress' frequently used to explain away complex psychological conditions.
- Major medical guidelines largely ignore detransitioners, leaving them without clinical guidance, support, or proper care for lasting hormonal and surgical effects.
- Several countries are shifting away from medical transition as first-line treatment for youth after systematic reviews found weak evidence supporting these interventions.
トランスジェンダーおよびジェンダーダイバーシティの青少年による性別関連の医療要請の変化(2023)
Ariel Cohen, Veronica Gomez-Lobo, Laura Willing, David Call, Lauren F. Damle, Lawrence J. D'Angelo, Amber Song, John F. Strang,
transition outcomespuberty suppressiongender dysphoriaqualitative researchautismgender-affirming caremixed-methods
性別クリニックの68人の青少年(47%が自閉症)を対象としたこの研究では、約3分の1(29%)が医療的移行の要請を変更したことがわかりました。変化はノンバイナリーの若者に多く、性別識別プロセスの「珍しくない」部分と見なされました。最も頻繁なパターンは、要請を取り下げ、後で再開することでした。
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1054139X22007194Key Findings
- Nearly one-third (29%) of gender-diverse youth in the study shifted their requests for gender-affirming hormones or surgery over time, suggesting such changes are not uncommon during adolescent gender exploration.
- Nonbinary youth were significantly more likely to experience shifts in medical requests compared to binary transgender youth, though no differences were found by age, autism status, or sex assigned at birth.
- The most common pattern (45% of those with shifts) involved youth making a request, withdrawing it, and later re-requesting treatment—indicating that stepping back from medical requests is often temporary rather than final.
- Most shifts (85%) occurred before any treatment began, and only one participant in the entire study expressed regret after starting treatment, consistent with prior research that regret is rare.
- Key reasons for shifts fell into two main themes: ongoing gender discovery (wanting more time, exploring identity) and interpersonal influences (lack of support, coming-out worries, peer pressure), with mental health clinicians playing a valuable role in supporting youth through this non-linear process.
移行を中止した青年のジェンダー経緯の後方的分析(2023)
Pullen Sansfaçon, A., Gravel, E., Gelly, M., Planchat, T., Paradis, A., Medico, D. (International Journal of Transgender Health)
この質的研究は、デトランジションが単なる逆行ではなく、性的指向や身体的不快感を含む複数の要因をナビゲートする複雑で非線形なプロセスであることを明らかにしています。
tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/26895269.2023.2279272Key Findings
- Three main themes identified: nonlinear gender modalities, sexual modalities, coping with dysphoria
- Detransition trajectories are heterogeneous and complex
- Sexual orientation plays a role in gender decisions
- Body discomfort persists for many after detransition
- Social support is important during detransition
スポーツの利点レビュー(2022)
Pigozzi et al (BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine)
medical ethicsgender identitysports medicinetestosteronefairnessinclusiontransgender athletesdifferences of sexual development
男性思春期の不可逆的な影響により、トランスジェンダー女性がホルモン療法後も筋肉量、筋力、ヘモグロビンにおいて9-31%の利点を保持することを示す研究のレビュー。
www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1117938/ioc-transgender-framework-criticisedKey Findings
- The 2021 IOC framework on gender identity and sex variations is criticized for prioritizing human rights perspectives over medical and scientific evidence, particularly its stance of 'no presumption of advantage' regarding testosterone levels.
- Testosterone is well-established as a performance-enhancing hormone that increases muscle mass and athletic ability, and the authors argue that high testosterone concentrations confer a baseline competitive advantage that must be recognized and mitigated.
- The framework places full responsibility for gender eligibility rules on International Federations (IFs), most of which lack the capacity, resources, and expertise to implement it effectively.
- The authors warn that implementation could lead to two undesirable extremes: either total exclusion of transgender and DSD athletes from competition, or self-identification policies that effectively eliminate meaningful eligibility rules and fair competition.
- The position statement calls for the IOC to provide clear, evidence-based standards for all sports to follow, rather than leaving individual federations to navigate this complex issue alone.
トランスジェンダー患者のケア:一般診療における品質改善アプローチ(2022)
Isabel Boyd, Thomas Hackett, Susan Bewley (Healthcare)
cohort studydetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careprimary carequality improvement
英国の68人のトランスジェンダー患者を対象とした一次医療監査では、監視に関する一貫した国家的ガイドラインが見つからず、患者の3分の2までが標準以下のケアを受けていることが判明した。この研究では、専門サービスへの長い待ち時間、併存する精神疾患の高い割合、20%のホルモン治療中止率が明らかになり、中止した人の半数以上が性別移行の取り消しや後悔を挙げた。著者らはエビデンスに基づいた一次医療基準を求めている。
www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/121Key Findings
- No UK-wide or international primary care guidelines exist for transgender healthcare, and existing guidance from gender identity clinics is often contradictory, making quality care difficult to deliver.
- Up to two-thirds of transgender patients in the audit did not receive all recommended monitoring standards, largely due to conflicting instructions between different gender identity clinics and international guidelines.
- A significant portion of patients (20%) stopped hormone therapy, with more than half of those citing regret or detransition experiences—raising concerns about current assessment and treatment approaches.
- Patients faced long waits for gender identity clinic appointments (averaging 26 months) and high rates of co-existing mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, self-harm, and autism spectrum disorder.
- The authors call for urgent development of evidence-based, standardized primary care guidelines with measurable quality standards, and recommend this audit approach be replicated nationally to improve understanding of patient outcomes.
トランスジェンダーの思春期および成人における性別適合ホルモンの継続(2022)
Christina M. Roberts, David A. Klein, Terry A. Adirim, Natasha A. Schvey, Elizabeth Hisle-Gorman (The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism)
cohort studytransition outcomesmedical ethicsgender dysphoriagender-affirming careadolescent
米軍医療システムにおける952人を対象としたこの研究は、性別適合ホルモンの継続/中止率を追跡した。約70%が少なくとも4年間ホルモン使用を継続した一方で、中止率(断念)は30%であった—トランス男性(35.6%中止)はトランス女性(19%)と比べて大幅に高かった。18歳以降にホルモンを開始した成人の中止率は35.6%であった。注目すべきは、未成年で開始した人のほぼ26%(4人に1人)が治療を中止したことである。これらの結果は、断念率が文献で一般的に引用されているよりも高い可能性を示し、開始時の性別と年齢による重要な違いを明らかにしている。
academic.oup.com/jcem/article/107/9/e3937/6572526Key Findings
- 70% continuation rate at 4 years — roughly 3 in 10 people stopped filling hormone prescriptions within the study period.
- Transfeminine patients continued at higher rates (81%) than transmasculine patients (64%) — females seeking masculinization were 2.4 times more likely to discontinue.
- Minors had higher continuation (74%) than adults (64%) — those who started before 18 were less likely to stop.
- Socioeconomic factors showed no effect — family income, parental military rank, and whether care was officially covered didn't influence continuation rates.
- The study only tracked prescription refills, not reasons or outcomes — continuation does not indicate satisfaction, and the authors could not determine why people stopped.
脱トランジションに関連するニーズと支援:横断的オンライン調査(2022)
Elie Vandenbussche (Journal of Homosexuality)
mental healthdetransitiongender dysphoriaautismgender-affirming carecross-sectional surveysocial support
237人の脱トランジション経験者(92%が女性)を対象としたこのオンライン調査では、満たされていないニーズが大きいことが示された。脱トランジションの主な理由は、違和感(ディスフォリア)が他の問題に関連していると気づいたこと(70%)、健康上の懸念(62%)、トランジションがディスフォリアの改善に役立たなかったこと(50%)だった。主なニーズとして、併存疾患や後悔に対する心理的支援、合併症への医療的支援、他の脱トランジション経験者との社会的つながりが挙げられた。多くの回答者が支援の不足、医療提供者との否定的な経験、LGBTコミュニティからの拒絶を報告した。
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00918369.2021.1919479Key Findings
- Detransitioners report significant unmet psychological needs, including coping with gender dysphoria, comorbid mental health conditions, feelings of regret, and internalized homophobia or sexism.
- Many detransitioners need medical support for stopping or changing hormone therapy, dealing with surgery complications, and accessing reversal procedures, but often face dismissive or uninformed healthcare providers.
- Social connection with other detransitioners is critical—87% wanted to hear others' stories and 76% wanted direct contact—yet many experience isolation and rejection from LGBT+ communities they previously belonged to.
- A large majority (70%) realized their gender dysphoria was related to other underlying issues, and half found that transition did not alleviate their dysphoria, highlighting the need for alternative treatment approaches.
- Overall support for detransitioners is severely lacking: only 18% felt they received enough support, with many reporting negative experiences with medical systems, mental health professionals, and loss of community ties.
性別違和症の男児に関するフォローアップ研究(2021)
Devita Singh, Susan J. Bradley, Kenneth J. Zucker (Frontiers in Psychiatry)
cohort studytransition outcomesdetransitiongender dysphoriagender identity disordersexual orientationchildhooddesistancepersistence
本研究は、性別違和症でクリニックに紹介された男児の最大サンプル(n=139)のフォローアップデータを報告する。幼少期、男児は平均7.49歳で評価され、平均20.58歳でフォローアップされた。139名中、17名(12.2%)が持続者、122名(87.8%)が中止者に分類された。データは、性同一性に関する懸念でクリニックに紹介された男児は、高い中止率と高い両性愛的/男性愛的性指向率を示した。
www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.632784/fullKey Findings
- Of 139 boys clinic-referred for gender dysphoria in childhood, only 12.2% (17) persisted with gender dysphoria into adolescence/adulthood, while 87.8% (122) desisted.
- A large majority of boys in the study developed a biphilic/androphilic (same-sex attracted) sexual orientation: 63.6% in fantasy and 47.2% in behavior, with an additional quarter reporting no sexual behaviors.
- Boys who persisted with gender dysphoria tended to be older at childhood assessment, from lower social class backgrounds, and showed more severe gender-variant behavior in childhood compared to desisters.
- The study found no significant difference in persistence rates between boys who met full diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder in childhood (13.6%) versus those who were subthreshold (9.8%).
- The authors note this is the largest follow-up study of its kind and discuss implications for contemporary treatment approaches, particularly the increasing practice of early social gender transition which was rare in their sample.
性別デトランシションの類型化と医療提供者への影響(2021)
Pablo Expósito-Campos (Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy)
mental healthdetransitionmedical ethicsgender dysphoriaqualitative researchautismgender-affirming care
本研究は、臨床医や研究者によって概念の適用に一貫性が欠如している問題に対処するため、性別デトランジションの初の体系的な類型を提案する。この類型は、トランジション関連の介入を中止した後も、個人がトランスジェンダーとしての自己認識をやめるか継続するかに基づいてデトランジションを分類する。著者は、医療提供者への影響について言を介し、デトランジショナー専用の臨床ガイドラインの必要性を強調する。また、デトランジションを予防する可能性を探り、性別違和を抱える個人の治療における臨床医が直面する課題を浮き彫りにする。結論として、デトランジションは新たな現象であるにもかかわらず理解が不十分であり、専門的な医療支援とさらなる研究が必要である。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33427094/Key Findings
- The paper proposes a new typology distinguishing 'core' detransition (driven by reidentification with birth sex) from 'non-core' detransition (stopping transition while still identifying as transgender due to external pressures or health concerns).
- Healthcare providers should not rely solely on patient self-identification for clinical decisions, as identities can be fluid; comprehensive psychological assessments and differential diagnosis remain essential.
- Clinicians need to provide honest, transparent communication about the benefits, risks, and limitations of gender-affirming treatments to ensure meaningful informed consent.
- Core and non-core detransitioners have different healthcare needs, requiring tailored clinical guidelines—core detransitioners need help coping with dysphoria without medical transition, while non-core detransitioners may need support for discrimination or medical complications.
- Detransition should not be viewed as automatic 'failure' or 'regret'; clinicians must adopt non-judgmental, compassionate approaches with regular long-term follow-ups for all patients.
- Some individuals initially detransition to non-binary identities before fully reidentifying with their birth sex, suggesting non-binary identification can function as a stepping-stone rather than endpoint.
- The paper notes elevated rates of autism spectrum traits among core detransitioners, possibly linked to intense or obsessional interests around gender. This co-occurrence warrants careful clinical screening rather than automatic affirmation.
医学的および/または外科的移行で性別違和を治療された後に移行を中止した個人:100人のデトランシショナーの調査(2021)
Lisa Littman (Archives of Sexual Behavior)
mental healthdetransitiontraumamedical ethicsgender dysphoriarapid-onset gender dysphoriasurvey
100人のデトランシショナー(69%女性)を対象としたこの調査では、出生時の性別に快適さを感じるようになった(60%)、医学的合併症への懸念(49%)、自分のディスフォリアがトラウマや精神的な健康状態などの他の問題に関連していることに気づいた(38%)など、デトランシションのさまざまな理由が見つかりました。注目すべきは、23%が同性愛嫌悪や同性への魅力を受け入れる難しさを要因として挙げたことです。大多数(55%)は、移行のための初期評価が不十分だと感じており、24%のみが臨床医にデトランシションを報告していました。
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34665380/Key Findings
- Most detransitioners (69%) were natal females, and the most common reason for detransitioning was becoming more comfortable identifying as their natal sex (60%), not external discrimination.
- A majority (55%) felt they did not receive adequate evaluation from doctors or mental health professionals before starting transition, and nearly half said counseling was overly positive about benefits while downplaying risks.
- Many participants attributed their gender dysphoria to underlying factors such as trauma, mental health conditions (38%), or internalized homophobia (23%), suggesting alternative causes were not fully explored beforehand.
- Social media and online communities played a significant role in encouraging transition, with YouTube videos (48%), blogs (46%), and Tumblr (45%) being major influences; 20% felt socially pressured to transition by friends, partners, or clinicians.
- Only 24% of detransitioners informed their clinicians that they had detransitioned, indicating that official clinic rates likely underestimate the true prevalence of this outcome.
性別デトランジション:ケーススタディ(2021)
Lisa Marchiano (Journal of Analytical Psychology)
detransitiontraumagender exploratory therapycountertransferencegender dysphoriagender-affirming carecase reportadolescent
デトランシションした若年成人女性のこのケーススタディは、性同一性の発達の複雑さを浮き彫りにしています。患者はトラウマ、自閉症、精神的な健康の併存疾患の既往歴がありました。著者は、性別違和のある若者に対して、徹底的な心理的評価と慎重で個別化されたアプローチの必要性を強調し、早すぎる医療化なしにアイデンティティの探求を可能にしています。
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-5922.12711Key Findings
- A sharp global rise in adolescents identifying as transgender has been accompanied by increasing numbers of young people detransitioning, particularly natal females.
- The case study of Maya illustrates how gender dysphoria can sometimes reflect unaddressed psychological issues—such as unmetabolized grief, attachment trauma, and family dynamics—rather than a core transgender identity.
- The author critiques the gender affirmative model of care for potentially concretizing distress and foreclosing deeper psychological exploration by immediately affirming a patient's stated gender identity.
- Maya's trans identification served multiple unconscious functions: rejecting her mother, escaping feminine expectations, expressing split-off aggression, and gaining social belonging, while her detransition allowed therapeutic work on these underlying issues.
- The paper argues for psychotherapeutic approaches that maintain symbolic thinking about gender distress and help patients confront bodily and emotional reality, rather than rushing to medical interventions.
英国の国立成人性同一性クリニックによって退院したコホートにおけるケアへのアクセスとデトランシションの頻度:症例記録の遡及的レビュー(2021)
R. Hall, L. Mitchell, J. Sachdeva (BJPsych Open)
mental healthcohort studydetransitiontraumagender dysphoriagender-affirming careadolescent
Key Findings
- Only 56% of patients completed their planned treatment pathway, with 22% disengaging from care entirely and 19% being re-referred shortly after discharge.
- Hormone therapy was accessed by 94% of those who sought it, but gender reassignment surgery rates were much lower—57% for feminizing and just 26% for masculinizing procedures.
- Four factors were independently linked to worse outcomes: neurodevelopmental disorders, adverse childhood experiences, substance misuse during treatment, and mental health concerns during treatment.
- The detransition rate of 6.9% is notably higher than previously reported UK figures, though the authors note this may still be an underestimate due to limited follow-up time.
- The study raises concerns about implementing streamlined care models uniformly, given the significant heterogeneity and complex needs of patients accessing gender identity services.
デトランジション関連のニーズと支援:横断的オンライン調査(2021)
Vandenbussche, E. (Journal of Homosexuality)
本研究は、オンライン・デトランスコミュニティからのデトランジショナーの具体的なニーズと、それらのニーズがどの程度満たされているかを分析するものです。237名の男性および女性デトランジショナーを対象とした横断的オンライン調査により、性別違和症、併存症、後悔の感情、内的偏見に関連する重要な心理的ニーズが明らかになりました。本研究は、特に医療・精神保健システムおよびLGBT+コミュニティからの支援が全体的に著しく不足していることを発見しました。
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00918369.2021.1919479Key Findings
- Surveyed 237 detransitioners from online communities about their specific needs and whether those needs were being met
- 70% reported realizing gender dysphoria was related to other issues; 62% cited health concerns as a reason for detransition
- Major psychological needs identified: gender dysphoria management, comorbid conditions, feelings of regret, and internalized prejudices
- Significant medical needs found: stopping/changing hormone therapy, surgery complications, and reversal interventions
- Respondents reported a major lack of support overall, with negative experiences from medical/mental health systems and the LGBT+ community
現実チェック – デトランジショナーの証言は性別違和の再考を求める(2020)
Entwistle, K. (Child and Adolescent Mental Health)
バトラーとハッチンソンの(Butler and Hutchinson, 2020)デシステンスとデトランジションに関する実証研究への強力な呼びかけは、慎重な検討に値する。それは、10代や20代前半の多くのデトランジショナーを含む新興コホートのニーズを正式に文書化している。専門サービスの不在の中で、一部のデトランジショナーは公共のフォーラムで自身の経験を共有してきた。デトランジショナーによる事例報告は、NHSや民間クリニックによって医療的介入を処方された人々の体系的な長期フォローアップがゲシュタルトを理解するために不可欠であることを示している。性別違和に対する医療的介入の有効性と必要性に関する誤情報に基づく意思決定は問題であり、デトランジショナーは性別違和に対する非医療的介入が緊急に必要であると指摘している。より多くの若者が性別違和に対して不必要な医療的介入を処方されるのを防ぐためには、現在の状況をもたらした政治的・組織的システムの分析が必要である。
acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/camh.12380Key Findings
- An emerging cohort of detransitioners, many in their teens and early twenties, needs specialist support services
- Systematic long-term follow-up of those prescribed medical interventions by NHS and private clinics is essential
- Decision-making about medical interventions for gender dysphoria has been based on misinformation about effectiveness and necessity
- Nonmedical interventions for gender dysphoria are sorely needed by detransitioners
- Analysis of political and organisational systems is required to prevent unnecessary medical interventions
- Published as a Debate piece in Child and Adolescent Mental Health
ジェンダーデシスター/デトランシショナー向けの研究とサービスの緊急の必要性(2020)
Butler, C. & Hutchinson, A.
mental healthdetransitiongender dysphoriaadolescentdesistanceclinical implicationsresearch gaps
この論文は、性別移行を中止または戻ろうとする個人の増加を強調しています。著者らは、この傾向にもかかわらず、この人口に対する研究、臨床ガイダンス、およびサポートの重大な欠如があると主張しています。彼らは、移行に関する広範なプロトコルが存在する一方で、戻ろうとする人々のためのプロトコルは存在せず、このグループの臨床的および研究的ニーズに対する緊急の注意を呼びかけています。
acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/camh.12361Key Findings
- Desisters and detransitioners—people who stop or reverse gender transitions—exist but are often overlooked in research and clinical care, with no established protocols to support them.
- Reported desistance rates vary dramatically (from 73% to 98% in children), but current data is unreliable due to changing diagnostic criteria, sampling biases, short follow-up periods, and a rapidly evolving patient population.
- Today's gender clinic patients differ significantly from past cohorts: there are far more adolescents, more assigned-female-at-birth patients, more non-binary individuals, more who have already socially transitioned, and more with co-occurring conditions like autism or mental health issues.
- Common factors associated with desistance include lower intensity gender dysphoria, greater body acceptance, resolution of contributing issues like homophobic bullying or family difficulties, and eventual gay or lesbian identity.
- Clinical care should be non-judgmental, view gender and sexual identity as potentially fluid, address social context and support systems, connect people to peer groups, and ensure access to medical professionals who can help reverse prior interventions when needed.
主要研究の修正:「性別肯定」手術が精神的な健康を改善する証拠はない(2020)
American Journal of Psychiatry (Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM))
最初の研究では、手術による精神的な健康上の利点が主張されていたが、2020年の修正では、治療の利用や自殺傾向の減少は見られなかった。
segm.org/ajp_correction_2020Key Findings
- Original 2019 AJP study claimed gender-affirming surgery reduced mental health treatment utilization by 8% per year
- After reanalysis with a control group, no statistically significant difference in mental health outcomes was found between surgery and no-surgery groups
- The AJP issued a correction in August 2020 stating no advantage of surgery was demonstrated
- Original study failed to include a control group of non-surgical gender dysphoric patients
- Original study did not correct for multiple hypothesis testing
- The study used a cross-sectional design (single year 2015) rather than prospective or randomized design
- Independent statistical review confirmed methodological concerns raised by external researchers
- The original study's conclusion was deemed 'too strong' given the study design limitations
私がなろうとしている男は私ではない(2020)
D'Angelo, R. (International Journal of Psychoanalysis)
このケーススタディは、移行後に生活が悪化したトランス男性「ジョシュ」の治療を詳述しています。著者は、欺瞞と神秘化に根ざした治療の行き詰まりを説明しています。これを乗り越えることで、治療は性別を超えて、過去のトラウマ、真正性、喪失といったより深い問題に取り組むことができ、移行が彼の根本的な問題を解決しなかったことを示唆しています。
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207578.2020.1810049Key Findings
- Clinical case study of a trans man ('Josh') whose life deteriorated after gender transition
- The therapeutic process revealed repetitive enactments involving hiding, deceiving, and mystification
- These enactments constituted a prolonged therapeutic impasse between analyst and patient
- The analyst experienced significant countertransference confusion and anxiety
- Working through the impasse allowed access to a history of violation beneath the gender-structured bind
- The case illustrates complexities of post-transition psychological distress that may not be addressed by transition alone
- Published as a Clinical Communication in the International Journal of Psychoanalysis
性別探求モデルに向けて:物事を遅らせ、開き、アイデンティティの発達を探る(2019)
Spiliadis, A. (Metalogos (Systemic Therapy Journal))
本論文は、"性別肯定"アプローチとは対照的な、性別違和を抱える若者と働くための体系的発達的枠組みである性別探求モデル(GEM)を紹介する。このモデルは、臨床プロセスの速度を落とし、アイデンティティの多面的な性質を理解するための空間を開き、様々な要因(発達的、社会的、心理的)が性別の苦痛にどのように寄与するかを探求することを強調している。スピリアディスは、即時の肯定と医療化が重要な発達プロセスを閉ざす可能性があり、拡張された評価により、臨床医と若者が性別移行が真に最善の道であるか、または根本的な問題が性別違和を引き起こしている可能性があるかを探求できると主張している。
www.researchgate.net/publication/334559847_Towards_a_Gender_Exploratory_Model_slowing_things_down_opening_things_up_and_exploring_identity_developmentKey Findings
- Proposes a Gender Exploratory Model (GEM) as an alternative to both 'affirmative' and 'reparative' approaches to gender questioning youth
- The GEM is grounded in a systemic-developmental framework that embraces uncertainty about developmental trajectories
- Argues clinicians have exploratory responsibilities and should acknowledge their 'unknown unknowns'
- Emphasizes the importance of collaborative exploration of identity before, during, and potentially after medical decision-making
- Repositions therapeutic work within three domains: production, explanation/exploration, and aesthetics
箱の蓋を開ける:性別違和を抱える思春期の若者に対する拡張臨床評価の価値(2019)
Churcher-Clarke, A. & Spiliadis, A. (Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry)
英国のGIDSからのこのケースレビューは、評価中に医学的移行をしないことを決めた遅発性の性別違和を抱える思春期の若者を調査しています。著者らは18か月間にわたる12の症例を分析し、拡張評価が彼らの苦痛に対する異なる理解を可能にし、ホルモン介入の追求をやめることにつながったことを示す2つのビネットを提示します。
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30722669/Key Findings
- Joint case review of 18 months of caseloads at the Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS)
- 12 young people with adolescent-onset gender dysphoria ceased wishing to pursue medical interventions during assessment
- Some cases arrived at a different understanding of their embodied distress through extended clinical assessment
- 2 detailed case vignettes illustrate the diversity of developmental pathways
- Argues for the value of extended psychosocial assessment before medical intervention decisions
- Addresses the increasing referrals to specialist gender identity clinics and the need to understand diverse outcomes
- Published in Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol 24(2), pp 338-352
急速発症性別違和(ROGD)研究(2018)
Littman, L. (PLoS ONE)
この研究は、256件の親の報告に基づいており、仲間グループやオンラインコミュニティを通じた社会的伝染が、突然の青年期発症の症状を引き起こす可能性があり、断念を妨げる肯定的な環境によって増幅される可能性があることを示唆しています。[5] リットマンを含む肯定の批評家たちは、一時的な苦痛を固定されたアイデンティティとして検証することで、害のフィードバックループを作り出し、注意深い待機コホートで観察された自然な解決率を低下させると主張しています。
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0202330Key Findings
- 256 parent-completed surveys met study eligibility criteria for rapid-onset gender dysphoria
- AYA children were predominantly natal female (82.8%) with mean age of 16.4 years
- 62.5% of AYAs had been diagnosed with at least one mental health disorder or neurodevelopmental disability prior to gender dysphoria onset
- In 36.8% of friendship groups, the majority of members became transgender-identified during a similar timeframe
- 47.2% of parents reported subjective declines in their child's mental health since 'coming out'
- 57.3% of parents reported declines in parent-child relationships since the AYA 'came out'
- 86.7% of parents reported their child had increased social media/internet use, belonged to a peer group with multiple newly trans-identified members, or both
- 49.4% of AYAs tried to isolate themselves from their families
- 46.6% of AYAs only trusted information about gender dysphoria from transgender sources
- Rapid presentations of adolescent-onset gender dysphoria in clusters of pre-existing friend groups are not consistent with current knowledge about gender dysphoria
一時的なアイデンティティ:トランスジェンダーのアイデンティティに関するいくつかの精神分析的考察(2018)
Lemma, A. (The International Journal of Psychoanalysis)
この論文は、『トランスジェンダー』のアイデンティティが一部の若者によって早まって受け入れられる可能性があり、その個人的な意味を理解するために必要な心理的な作業を妨げることを主張しています。著者である精神分析医は、そのような質問を病理化と見なす可能性のある文化において、トランスジェンダーのアイデンティティの『なぜ』を探るという課題と、好奇心と懐疑を避けることのバランスを取る必要性について議論しています。
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33951791/Key Findings
- Argues that the 'trans' identity label encompasses a complex range of internal psychic positions beyond consciously stated preferences
- Explores cases where premature embrace of transgender identification may undermine the painful psychic work needed to understand what being transgender means for a given young person
- Highlights the difficulty clinicians face when asking 'why transgender' is perceived as pathologizing in external culture
- Advocates for 'equidistant curiosity' about meaning and function as core to an analytic approach
- Warns against both using psychoanalysis as a conversion tool and against silencing exploratory dialogue
トランスジェンダーの子供たちは、大人になってもトランスジェンダーのままですか?(2016)
Cantor, J.M. (Sexology Today!)
この記事は、性別違和を示す子供たちが成人期になってもトランスジェンダーとして自認し続けるかどうかを調査した3つの大規模なフォローアップ研究をレビューします。著者は、ごくわずかな割合しか持続せず、トランスとして自認していた子供の約60〜90%が成人期にはトランスとして自認しなくなり、代わりに一般的にゲイやレズビアンとして自認するという結論に至っています。
www.sexologytoday.org/2016/01/do-trans-kids-stay-trans-when-they-grow_99.htmlKey Findings
- Reviews 12 follow-up studies of gender-dysphoric children into adulthood spanning multiple countries and decades
- Finds that approximately 60–90% of children referred to gender identity clinics no longer identify as transgender by adulthood
- Notes that desisters generally grow up to be gay or lesbian rather than heterosexual
- Emphasizes that a substantial minority do persist and deserve appropriate support
- Argues that neither desistance nor persistence can be taken for granted, requiring careful individual assessment
小児期の性別違和の停止と持続に関連する要因:定量的追跡調査(2013)
Steensma et al. (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)
この研究は12歳前に紹介された127人の子供を追跡し、早期の性別違和の強度や社会的移行などの要因が持続に影響を与えることを明らかにし、性同一性に固有のものとして肯定されるのではなく、不安などの併存疾患が対処された場合、約70%が思春期後に停止することを示しました。
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23702447/Key Findings
- Intensity of gender dysphoria in childhood is the strongest predictor of persistence into adolescence
- Natal girls have a higher probability of persistence than natal boys
- Psychological functioning and quality of peer relations do not predict persistence of childhood GD
- Cognitive and affective cross-gender identification and social role transition are associated with persistence
- Predictive factors for persistence differ between natal boys and girls
- Persisters report higher gender dysphoria intensity, more body dissatisfaction, and higher same-sex sexual orientation compared to desisters
- Childhood social transitions were important predictors of persistence, especially among natal boys
- Explicitly asking children with GD which sex they identify with is valuable in predicting future outcome
スウェーデンコホート研究(2011)
Dhejne et al. (PLOS ONE)
Key Findings
- First nationwide population-based long-term follow-up of sex-reassigned transsexual persons
- 324 sex-reassigned persons compared with random population controls matched by age and gender
- Overall mortality nearly 3 times higher than controls (aHR 2.8)
- Suicide mortality approximately 19 times higher than controls (aHR 19.1)
- Risk of suicide attempts nearly 5 times higher (aHR 4.9)
- Risk of psychiatric hospitalization nearly 3 times higher (aHR 2.8)
- Female-to-males had higher criminal conviction risk than birth sex controls
- Survival divergence from controls became apparent approximately 10 years post-reassignment
- Study design does not address whether sex reassignment is an effective treatment
性別適合手術を受けたトランスセクシュアルの長期追跡調査:スウェーデンでのコホート研究(2003)
Dhejne et al (PLOS ONE)
この研究は、移行後も続く身体的健康リスクを強調し、それは性別を越えたホルモン使用に関連しています。手術後のトランスジェンダー個人を追跡調査した結果、一般人口と比較して全体的な死亡率(例えば、心血管疾患による)が2-3倍高いことが報告されています。
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3043071/Key Findings
- All 324 sex-reassigned persons in Sweden 1973-2003 were included (191 male-to-females, 133 female-to-males)
- Overall mortality was nearly 3 times higher for sex-reassigned persons than for controls of the same birth sex
- Death from suicide was approximately 19 times higher in sex-reassigned persons compared to controls
- Risk of suicide attempts was nearly 5 times higher after sex reassignment
- Risk of psychiatric inpatient care was nearly 3 times higher after sex reassignment
- Female-to-males had higher risk for criminal convictions than birth sex controls; male-to-females did not
- Survival curves suggest mortality divergence began approximately 10 years after sex reassignment
- Sex reassignment alleviates gender dysphoria but does not address elevated rates of morbidity and mortality